Identifying Emerging Issues in Disaster Risk Reduction, Migration, Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Shaping Debates and Policies
Identifying Emerging Issues in Disaster Risk Reduction, Migration, Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Shaping Debates and Policies
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识别减少灾害风险、移民、气候变化和可持续发展方面的新问题：塑造辩论和政策
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-33880-4
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Gaillard
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Sudmeier;M. Fernández;I. Penna;M. Jaboyedoff;J. Gaillard
从玻利维亚高原向亚马逊低地的移徙对适应气候变化和减少灾害风险构成了若干挑战。上贝尼位于玻利维亚永加斯两个海拔带的交界处，是这方面的一个关键地区。不可持续的土地使用做法正在导致土壤侵蚀、浅层滑坡以及森林和生物多样性丧失。来自高原的定居者看到自己面临着一个不支持他们曾经习惯的农业系统的生态系统。土壤退化和政府的激励措施促使人们进一步向雨林迁移，对当地土著群体和生物多样性造成压力。对上贝尼脆弱的土壤和生态系统来说，最适合的土地使用制度是多种农林业，往往与可可或咖啡等经济作物相结合。许多实行这一制度的农民获得了有机认证，他们的经济作物获得了高价。然而，上贝尼的可可种植者面临着许多挑战。长期干旱、暴雨、洪水、高温和植物疾病是可可种植者提到最多的问题。在这项研究中，我们汇编了一个关于有机和无机可可农场对外部风险因素的恢复力的研究项目的结果，并在气候变化适应，减少灾害风险和移民的背景下讨论了这些结果。参加合作社并获得有机认证的可可种植者的复原力指标高于其他人，因为他们往往在多样化的农林系统中种植可可。合作社通过能力建设、知识交流、推广服务和提高认识促进农林业。他们还提供社会保险，加强成员之间的相互支持。现有合作社内部面临的挑战，例如缺乏对农民的技术支持以及组织内部和组织之间的知识交流，可能会阻碍复原力建设。最后，将新农民纳入可可合作社，对于减少其他脆弱地区的外迁和非可持续做法的复制似乎至关重要。然而，仍有多重挑战有待解决，包括加强团结经济网络及其出口作物以外的推广部门。
Migration from the Bolivian Altiplano to the Amazonian lowlands poses a number of challenges related to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. Alto Beni, located in the Bolivian Yungas at the interface between two altitudinal zones, is a critical area in this respect. Unsustainable land use practices are leading to soil erosion, shallow landslides, as well as forest and biodiversity loss. Settlers from the Altiplano see themselves confronted with an ecosystem that does not support the agricultural systems they were once used to. Soil degradation and government incentives have promoted migration further into the rainforest, creating pressure on local indigenous groups and biodiversity. The best-suited land use system for the fragile soils and ecosystems in Alto Beni is diversified agroforestry, which is often combined with a cash crop such as cocoa or coffee. Many farmers practising such a system have organic certification and achieve a premium price for their cash crops. However, cocoa farmers in Alto Beni face many challenges. Prolonged droughts, heavy rains, floods, increased heat, and plant diseases are mentioned most by cocoa farmers. In this study we compile results from a research project on the resilience of organic and nonorganic cocoa farms to external risk factors and discuss them in the context of climate change adaptation, disaster risk reduction, and migration. Cocoa farmers who belong to a cooperative and had organic certification achieved higher resilience indicators than others, because they tended to cultivate cocoa in diversified agroforestry systems. Cooperatives fostered agroforestry through capacity-building, knowledge exchange, extension services, and awareness-raising. They also provided social insurances and enhanced mutual support among their members. Challenges within established cooperatives such as lack of technical support to farmers and knowledge exchange within and between organizations can hamper resilience building. Finally, the inclusion of new farmers into cocoa cooperatives seems critical to reducing outmigration and the reproduction of non-sustainable practices in other fragile areas. Multiple challenges remain to be addressed, however, including the enhancement of solidarity economy networks and their extension sectors other than export crops.
灾害与发展
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2009
期刊：
--
影响因子：
--
作者：
Collins Andrew E.
通讯作者：
Collins Andrew E.