The development of X-ray instrumentation for studying phase transitions
The development of X-ray instrumentation for studying phase transitions
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用于研究相变的 X 射线仪器的发展
DOI：
10.1080/01411599208203468
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发表时间：
1992
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
P. Barnes
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Barnes
相变的这个特别版本考虑了X射线的使用的潜在影响，在目前的十年中，对相变的研究。1990年11月29日，英国晶体学协会（物理组）在皇家研究所（伦敦）召开了一次会议，讨论这些前景，本版中的一些文章就是从这次讨论中产生的。这一版的主旨是考虑现在正在发展的方法，而不是试图涵盖原则上可以研究的所有各种类型的相变：事实上，如果以最普遍的方式解释，后一个主题可以很容易地没有限制地发散。尽管如此，在这一版的过程中，广泛的过渡被认为包括那些由高压，低温和高温的物理条件，以及生物，化学和电化学过程驱动。科学兴趣在于这种转变，因为它们对矿物物理学的影响;聚合物，液晶，无机和催化材料;药物多态性;生物活性;以及许多类型工业材料的合成和使用性能。由于X射线源继续以不减的速度发展，因此在这个时刻考虑X射线方法的全部潜力是特别及时的。到目前为止，20世纪80年代和90年代已经见证了同步加速器源的爆炸式发展：据估计（Winick和威廉姆斯，1991年）目前全球约有30-40个专用同步加速器源正在运行，另有一半正在建设中，其中包括欧洲格勒诺布尔更壮观的高能第三代同步加速器（“ESRF”），美国（“APS”）和日本（“Spring-8”）。在英国，由于即将在达雷斯伯里SRS上安装一个6特斯拉的摆动磁铁，以及参与欧洲ESRF合资企业，前景变得更加光明。一个更谨慎的注意建议我们考虑我们是否同样准备在我们的单色自适应冷却光学和探测器技术的发展，能够充分利用巨大的X射线光子功率，很快就会交付。规划这些来源的特征并将其与我们的仪器和样本正确匹配，这一点从未如此重要。在选择这个问题的介绍顺序时，我决定从唯一的非衍射/散射（严格意义上）技术：X射线吸收开始
This special edition of Phase Transitions considers the potential impact of the use of X-rays, during the present decade, on the study of phase transitions. A meeting of the British Crystallography Association (Physical Group) was held at the Royal Institution (London) on the 29th November 1990 to consider these prospects, and some of the articles presented in this edition originate from that discussion. The main thrust of this edition is to consider the methodologies that are now being developed rather than to try and cover all the various types of phase transitions that could in principle be studied: indeed the latter subject could easily diverge without limit, if interpreted in the most general way. Nevertheless in the course of this edition a wide range of transitions are considered including those driven by physical conditions of high pressure, low and high temperature, as well as by biological, chemical and electro-chemical processes. Scientific interest resides in such transitions on account of their implications to mineral physics; polymeric, liquid crystal, inorganic and catalytic materials; drug polymorphism; biological activity; and the synthesis and in-service performance of many types of industrial materials. It is particularly timely to consider at this juncture the full potential of X-ray methods since X-ray sources continue to be developed at an unabated pace. The 1980s and 1990s so far have seen an explosion in synchrotron sources: it is estimated (Winick and Williams, 1991) that there are currently some 30-40 dedicated synchrotron sources in operation worldwide with a further half again being constructed, these including the more spectacular high energy third generation synchrotrons in Europe-Grenoble (“ESRF”), USA (“APS”) and Japan (“Spring-8”). In the UK, prospects have become sharpened by the imminent installation of a 6 Tesla wiggler magnet on the Daresbury SRS and by the participation in the European ESRF venture. A more cautionary note counsels us to consider whether we are equally prepared in our development of monochromator adaptive cooling optics and detector technologies to be able to take full advantage of the enormous X-ray photon power that is soon to be delivered. It has never been more important to plan and properly match the characteristics of these sources to our instrumentation and samples. In choosing an order of presentation for this issue, I decided one had to start with the only non-diffraction/scattering (sensu strictu) technique: X-ray absorption