The Political Environment and Citizen Competence
The Political Environment and Citizen Competence
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政治环境和公民能力
DOI：
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发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Rich
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Kuklinski;P. Quirk;Jennifer Jerit;R. Rich
护理改革中，我们发现绩效在很大程度上取决于环境条件。将一般信息与增强的负责任行动动力相结合，可以提高总体绩效。极其有利的信息环境不仅可以提高绩效，甚至可以消除个体教育差异和政治成熟度的影响。分析指出，改革塑造政治环境的结构是改善民主治理的最合理途径。从20世纪50年代末到80年代中期，对公民决策的研究几乎完全集中在公民个人的认知能力和政治知识上。除了少数例外，这项研究得出了一个熟悉的结论：大多数公民对政治知之甚少，也不愿意了解太多，并且经常做出考虑不周和肤浅的判断（Converse 1964；Sniderman 1993）。一个重要的推论是，受过良好教育和政治成熟的人——用扎勒（Zaller，1992）的术语来说，认知上的投入——在判断任务上胜过其他公民（参见 Luskin 1987 的精彩评论）。最近，一些学者认为政治环境充当了“信息拐杖”，可以帮助公民做出政治判断（Lupia 2000）。政治启发式文献的乐观前景尤其基于这样的观点，即环境赋予人们执行简单的判断任务，并且通常提供可靠的线索来帮助公民执行这些任务（Carmines and Kuklinski 1990; Lupia 1994; Lupia and McCubbins 1998; Mondak 1993; Popkin 1991; Sniderman 2000; Sniderman, Brody, and Tetlock 1991；惠特曼 1995）。从这个角度来看，认知高度投入的人仍然优于认知程度较低的人，但即使后者通常也会做出合理的选择。批评者认为，当代美国政治环境提供的帮助比启发式倡导者所描述的要少得多（参见 Bartels 1996；Kuklinski 和 Quirk 2000；以及 Luskin 2000 的批评）。尽管如此，政治环境可能提高公民表现的想法是舆论研究的一个重要进步。
care reform, we find that performance depends heavily on environmental conditions. A combination of general information with increased motivation to act responsibly improves aggregate performance. An extremely favorable informational environment not only enhances performance, but it even eliminates the effects of individual differences in education and political sophistication. The analysis points toward reforming structures that shape the political environment as the most plausible route to improved democratic governance. rom the late 1950s to the mid-1980s, the study of citizen decision making focused almost exclusively on the individual citizen's cognitive capabilities and political knowledge. With few exceptions, this research reached the familiar verdict that most citizens know little about politics, do not care to know much about it, and often make ill-considered and superficial judgments (Converse 1964;Sniderman 1993). An important corollary was that the well educated and politically sophisticated-the cognitively engaged, to use Zaller's (1992) term-outperform other citizens on judgment tasks (see Luskin 1987 for an excellent review). More recently, some scholars have argued that the political environment serves as an "informational crutch" that assists citizens when they are making political judgments (Lupia 2000). The optimistic outlook of the political-heuristics literature, in particular, rests on the view that the environment gives people simple judgment tasks to perform and generally provides reliable cues to help citizens perform them (Carmines and Kuklinski 1990; Lupia 1994; Lupia and McCubbins 1998; Mondak 1993; Popkin 1991; Sniderman 2000; Sniderman, Brody, and Tetlock 1991; Wittman 1995). From this perspective, the cognitively highly engaged still outperform the less engaged, but even the latter usually make reasonable choices. Critics contend that the environment of contemporary American politics provides considerably less assistance than champions of heuristics have portrayed (see Bartels 1996; Kuklinski and Quirk 2000; and Luskin 2000 for critiques). Nevertheless, the idea that political environments might enhance citizen performance is an important advance in public opinion research.
态度在基于记忆的决策中的作用。
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
Sanbonmatsu,DM;Fazio,RH
通讯作者：
Fazio,RH