A Tutorial on Synthetic Aperture Radar
A Tutorial on Synthetic Aperture Radar
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DOI：
10.1109/mgrs.2013.2248301
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发表时间：
2013-03-01
影响因子：
14.6
通讯作者：
Papathanassiou, Konstantinos P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Moreira, Alberto;Prats-Iraola, Pau;Papathanassiou, Konstantinos P.
合成孔径雷达（SAR）在地球遥感领域的应用已有30多年的历史。它为地球科学和气候变化研究、环境和地球系统监测、二维和三维制图、变化探测、四维制图（空间和时间）、安全相关应用以及行星探索等多种应用提供高分辨率、昼夜和不受天气影响的图像。随着90年代雷达技术和地球/生物物理参数反演建模的进步，使用来自多个机载和星载系统的数据，发生了从技术推动到用户需求拉动的范式转变。今天，有15个以上的星载合成孔径雷达系统正在运行，用于无数的应用。本文首先介绍了合成孔径雷达的原理和理论，然后概述了已建立的技术，如偏振测量，干涉测量和差分干涉测量以及新兴技术（例如，极化SAR干涉测量、层析成像和全息层析成像）。几个应用实例，包括相关的参数反演建模提供了每种情况下。本文还介绍了创新技术和概念，如数字波束成形，多输入多输出（MIMO）和双和多静态配置，这些都是满足日益增长的用户需求的合适手段。本文最后提出了SAR遥感的设想。
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has been widely used for Earth remote sensing for more than 30 years. It provides high-resolution, day-and-night and weather-independent images for a multitude of applications ranging from geoscience and climate change research, environmental and Earth system monitoring, 2-D and 3-D mapping, change detection, 4-D mapping (space and time), security-related applications up to planetary exploration. With the advances in radar technology and geo/bio-physical parameter inversion modeling in the 90s, using data from several airborne and spaceborne systems, a paradigm shift occurred from the development driven by the technology push to the user demand pull. Today, more than 15 spaceborne SAR systems are being operated for innumerous applications. This paper provides first a tutorial about the SAR principles and theory, followed by an overview of established techniques like polarimetry, interferometry and differential interferometry as well as of emerging techniques (e.g., polarimetric SAR interferometry, tomography and holographic tomography). Several application examples including the associated parameter inversion modeling are provided for each case. The paper also describes innovative technologies and concepts like digital beamforming, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) and bi- and multi-static configurations which are suitable means to fulfill the increasing user requirements. The paper concludes with a vision for SAR remote sensing.