The Effect of Application Rate of GF-120 (Spinosad) and Malathion on the Mortality of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Foragers
The Effect of Application Rate of GF-120 (Spinosad) and Malathion on the Mortality of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Foragers
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DOI：
10.1093/jee/tov385
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发表时间：
2016-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
N. V. Cabrera-Marín;P. Liedo;D. Sánchez
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
N. V. Cabrera-Marín;P. Liedo;D. Sánchez
摘要 蜜蜂、Apis mellifera L.（膜翅目：蜜蜂科）等有益生物受到使用杀虫剂的害虫防治措施的严重影响。更安全的替代品如基于多杀菌素的制剂 GF-120 已经被开发出来来克服这个问题。尽管多杀菌素的低浓度和 GF-120 的超低用量都被认为对蜜蜂采集者具有较低的急性毒性，但据我们所知，这种说法尚未得到明确证实。因此，我们进行了一系列实验，以评估 GF-120、马拉硫磷和 Spintor（多杀菌素）以两种浓度（80 和 1,500 ppm）和两种施用率（低密度率 [LDR] — 每平方米 80 滴直径 5 毫米的液滴；高密度率 [HDR] — 每平方米数千个 200 µm 直径的液滴）对蜜蜂采集者的影响。有趣的是，当以 LDR-80、LDR-1,500 或 HDR-80 施用时，这三种农药对采集者的死亡率较低。然而，HDR-1,500 造成了非常高的死亡率。根据这些结果，我们开发了一个计算机程序来估计暴露在 LDR 和 HDR 下的觅食者的平均数量。我们发现，与其他剂量相比，在 HDR 下暴露时，更多的觅食者受到致死剂量的影响。我们的结果支持这样的假设：在 LDR 中应用 GF-120 和马拉硫磷对蜜蜂的影响很小，并且计算机模拟可以极大地帮助了解农药对非目标物种的影响。
Abstract Beneficial organisms like the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), are heavily affected by pest control practices that incorporate insecticides. Safer alternatives as the spinosad-based formulation GF-120 have been developed to overcome this issue. Though both the low concentration of spinosad and the ultra-low-volume application rate of GF-120 are supposed to have a low acute toxicity in honey bee foragers, to our knowledge such claims have not been explicitly proven. We thus carried out a series of experiments to assess the effect of GF-120, malathion, and Spintor (spinosad) on honey bee foragers when applied at two concentrations (80 and 1,500 ppm) and two application rates (low density rate [LDR]—80 drops of 5mm diameter per square meter; high density rate [HDR]—thousands of 200 -µm-diameter droplets per square meter). Interestingly, the three pesticides caused low mortality on foragers when applied at LDR-80, LDR-1,500, or HDR-80. However, HDR-1,500 caused a very high mortality. Based upon these results, we developed a computer program to estimate the average number of foragers that are exposed at LDR and HDR. We found that more foragers receive a lethal dose when exposed at HDR than at the other rates. Our results support the hypothesis that the impact of GF-120 and malathion upon honey bees is minimal when applied at LDR and that computer simulation can help greatly in understanding the effects of pesticides upon nontarget species.