Life History, Natural Enemies, and Management of Disholcaspis quercusvirens (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Live Oak Trees
Life History, Natural Enemies, and Management of Disholcaspis quercusvirens (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Live Oak Trees
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DOI：
10.1603/ec12206
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发表时间：
2013-08-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Buss, Eileen A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bird, Jessica Platt;Melika, George;Buss, Eileen A.
美洲栎（Quercus virginiana Mill.）树木是一种复杂的虫瘿节肢动物的宿主。然而，由无性繁殖的cynipid Disholcaspis quercusvirens（Ashmead）产生的子弹瘿可以在美学和物理上损害苗圃和街道树木，从而降低树木价值。我们应该描述D. Quercusvirens等描述了两代虫瘿的发育，记录了成虫瘿螨和寄生虫的活动期，并评价了几种杀虫剂抑制虫瘿产生者和防止额外虫瘿形成的功效。在这两年的笼养研究中，无性雌性的产卵期发生在11月下旬至1月。卵在休眠芽中产卵，产生小的芽瘿，有性世代发育4-5个月。4月，性成虫出现并在幼枝上产卵。6月，子弹形虫瘿开始从树枝上突出，5-7个月后无性繁殖的黄蜂出现。从子弹（无性繁殖）和芽（有性繁殖）的虫瘿中出现的犬齿在基因上是相同的。两代人都被严重寄生。针对无性繁殖的女性与联苯菊酯或乙酰甲胺磷治疗12月初显着减少芽瘿的数量，但控制并没有延伸到下一代子弹瘿，可能是因为再入侵从邻近的受感染的树木。
Live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) trees are hosts to a complex of gall making arthropods. However, the bullet galls produced by the asexual generation of the cynipid Disholcaspis quercusvirens (Ashmead) can esthetically and physically damage nursery and street trees, and thus reduce tree value. Wesought to describe the unknown sexual generation of D. quercusvirens, describe the development of galls from both generations, record adult cynipid and parasitoid activity periods, and evaluate the efficacy of several insecticides to suppress the gall makers and prevent additional gall formation. The oviposition period for asexual females occurred from late November to January in both years of the caging study. Eggs laid into dormant buds resulted in small bud galls in which the sexual generation developed for 4-5 mo. Sexual adults emerged and laid eggs in young elongating shoots in April. Bullet galls began protruding from branches in June, and asexual wasps emerged 5-7 mo later. Cynipids that emerged from the bullet (asexual generation) and bud (sexual generation) galls were genetically identical. Both generations were heavily parasitized. Targeting asexual females with an early December treatment of bifenthrin or acephate significantly reduced the number of bud galls, but control did not extend to the next generation of bullet galls, possibly because of reinvasion from neighboring infested trees.