The effects of congestions tax on air quality and health
The effects of congestions tax on air quality and health
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DOI：
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.015
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发表时间：
2009-10-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Forsberg, Bertil
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Johansson, Christer;Burman, Lars;Forsberg, Bertil
“斯德哥尔摩试验”涉及道路收费制度，以改善空气质量和减少交通拥堵。试验的测试期为2006年1月3日至7月31日。在平日，进出收费警戒线的车辆每通过一次都要收费。应付金额在白天变化，高峰时段最高（20瑞典克朗= 2.2欧元，每天最高60瑞典克朗）。根据测量和模拟的道路交通变化，估计该系统导致收费警戒线内的道路使用总量减少15%。该地区的NO（x）和PM10的总排放量分别下降了8.5%和13%。采用空气质量扩散模型评估减排对环境浓度和人口接触的影响。对于有和没有试验的情况，气象条件和其他排放量保持不变，而不是从道路交通。计算结果显示，如果像斯德哥尔摩试验那样实施永久性拥堵税制度，在交通最密集的街道上，年平均NO（x）浓度将降低沿着12%。PM10浓度将降低7%。沿着交通最密集的街道仍然会超过PM10和NO（2）的限值。据估计，大斯德哥尔摩（35 x 35 km，144万人）的NOx总人口暴露量将以相当温和的0.23 μ g/m（-3）减少。然而，根据一项长期流行病学研究，发现每10 μ g m（-3）NO（x）增加8%的死亡风险，估计每年可避免27例过早死亡。根据寿命表分析，如果暴露的影响持续存在，这相当于试验后每10万人在10年内增加206年的寿命。对死亡率的影响归因于道路交通排放（可能是车辆废气颗粒）; NO（x）仅被视为交通暴露的指标。这只是冰山的一角，因为预计呼吸系统和心血管疾病的发病率都将下降。这项研究表明，不仅要评估对空气质量限值的影响，而且要对健康影响进行定量估计，以证明减少空气污染的行动是合理的。(C)2008爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
The "Stockholm Trial" involved a road pricing system to improve the air quality and reduce traffic congestion. The test period of the trial was January 3-July 31, 2006. Vehicles travelling into and out of the charge cordon were charged for every passage during weekdays. The amount due varied during the day and was highest during rush hours (20 SEK = 2.2 EUR, maximum 60 SEK per day). Based on measured and modelled changes in road traffic it was estimated that this system resulted in a 15% reduction in total road use within the charged cordon. Total traffic emissions in this area of NO(x) and PM10 fell by 8.5% and 13%, respectively. Air quality dispersion modelling was applied to assess the effect of the emission reductions on ambient concentrations and population exposure. For the situations with and without the trial, meteorological conditions and other emissions than from road traffic were kept the same. The calculations show that, with a permanent congestion tax system like the Stockholm Trial, the annual average NO(x) concentrations would be lower by up to 12% along the most densely trafficked streets. PM10 concentrations would be up to 7% lower. The limit values for both PM10 and NO(2) would still be exceeded along the most densely trafficked streets. The total population exposure of NOx in Greater Stockholm (35 x 35 km with 1.44 million people) is estimated to decrease with a rather modest 0.23 mu g m(-3). However, based on a long-term epidemiological study, that found an increased mortality risk of 8% per 10 mu g m(-3) NO(x) it is estimated that 27 premature deaths would be avoided every year. According to life-table analysis this would correspond to 206 years of life gained over 10 years per 100 000 people following the trial if the effects on exposures would persist. The effect on mortality is attributed to road traffic emissions (likely vehicle exhaust particles); NO(x) is merely regarded as an indicator of traffic exposure. This is only the tip of the ice-berg since reductions are expected in both respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity. This study demonstrates the importance of not only assessing the effects on air quality limit values, but also to make quantitative estimates of health impacts, in order to justify actions to reduce air pollution. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.