Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man
Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man
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DOI：
10.1196/annals.1341.002
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发表时间：
2005-01-01
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Bishopric, NH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bishopric, NH
这篇综述概述了从生命的开始（大约40亿年前）到现在的哺乳动物心脏的进化途径。自真核生物出现以来，仍在使用细胞稳态和提取和燃烧能量的基本工具，基本上没有变化。原始腔是早期多细胞生物的特征（类似于8亿年前），被内胚层衬里，是用于气体交换，喂养和有性繁殖的被动容器。该结构周围的细胞表达了与NKX2.5/Tinman同源的基因，并且该“胃皮疗法”的逐渐专业化会导致bilateria中中胚层的出现，这将产生第一个原始的心肌细胞。这些中胚层细胞对腔的投资形成了“胃血管造成的”结构。该结构在双尾部分支中进一步演变，Ecdysoa（果蝇）和氘核瘤（Amphioxus）在蠕动的管状心脏，无瓣膜，没有血管或血液，但具有单层收缩中胚层。 Chordata和随后的脊椎动物的出现伴随着这种原始线性心脏的快速结构多样化：循环，单向循环，封闭的脉管系统和传导系统。后来的创新是向肺的平行循环，其次是septa和四室心脏中的爬行动物，鸟类和哺乳动物的心脏。随着心脏室的区分，可以在硬骨鱼和两栖动物中检测到心肌细胞中蛋白质的区域专业化。在哺乳动物中，生长限制被放在心脏上，大概是为了适应身体计划和胸腔腔的限制，成年心肌细胞失去了按需重新进入细胞周期的能力。哺乳动物心肌细胞神经背叛了心脏，肠道和繁殖之间的古老联系：控制心率的迷走神经来自中枢神经系统中的中心，调节喂养和情感行为。
This review provides an overview of the evolutionary path to the mammalian heart from the beginnings of life (about four billion years ago) to the present. Essential tools for cellular homeostasis and for extracting and burning energy are still in use and essentially unchanged since the appearance of the eukaryotes. The primitive coelom, characteristic of early multicellular organisms (similar to 800 million years ago), is lined by endoderm and is a passive receptacle for gas exchange, feeding, and sexual reproduction. The cells around this structure express genes homologous to NKX2.5/tinman, and gradual specialization of this "gastroderm" results in the appearance of mesoderm in the phylum Bilateria, which will produce the first primitive cardiac myocytes. Investment of the coelom by these mesodermal cells forms a "gastrovascular" structure. Further evolution of this structure in the bilaterian branches Ecdysoa (Drosophila) and Deuterostoma (amphioxus) culminate in a peristaltic tubular heart, without valves, without blood vessels or blood, but featuring a single layer of contracting mesoderm. The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system. A later innovation is the parallel circulation to the lungs, followed by the appearance of septa and the four-chambered heart in reptiles, birds, and mammals. With differentiation of the cardiac chambers, regional specialization of the proteins in the cardiac myocyte can be detected in the teleost fish and amphibians. In mammals, growth constraints are placed on the heart, presumably to accommodate the constraints of the body plan and the thoracic cavity, and adult cardiac myocytes lose the ability to re-enter the cell cycle on demand. Mammalian cardiac myocyte innervation betrays the ancient link between the heart, the gut, and reproduction: the vagus nerve controlling heart rate emanates from centers in the central nervous system regulating feeding and affective behavior.