EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL SIZE CONSTANCY IN EARLY INFANCY
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL SIZE CONSTANCY IN EARLY INFANCY
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婴儿早期视觉尺寸稳定性发展的实验研究
DOI：
10.4992/jjpsy.20.3_16
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发表时间：
1950
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Jihuji Misumi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jihuji Misumi
一、本研究存在的问题及对以往研究的历史回顾；本研究试图通过实验阐明婴儿早期视觉尺寸恒定性的发展以及情境差异。布尔兹拉夫、秋重、托莱斯。 Weber & Bicknell、Locke等很少使用一岁以下的婴儿。例如，Frank 的研究对象 (8) 是 30 名幼儿，其中 29 名一岁以上。 Ruth M. Cruikshank 的实验在 Brunswik (6) 的指导和计划下，使用了 73 名 13 至 49 周大的婴儿。本研究从对她的实验的批评开始。她使用两个大（57 厘米长）和小（19 厘米长）拨浪鼓设置了三种刺激情况：A B 和 C。在 A 中，较小的拨浪鼓出现在距受试者眼睛 25 厘米的位置，而在 B 中，较大的拨浪鼓出现在距离受试者眼睛 75 厘米的地方，而在 C 中，较大的拨浪鼓出现在距离受试者眼睛 75 厘米的地方。她认为“对情况 A 和 B 的反应相同，但对情况 C 缺乏等价性，这代表了尺寸恒定性的积极方面”（第 336 页）。我们可以从这个假设中得出一个大前提，即主体会对相同表观尺寸的物体表现出相同的反应。这一前提在本研究中受到了批评，该研究最初试图通过实验来检验婴儿可能更喜欢外观尺寸较大的物体的假设。即使来自克鲁克尚克假设的前提被承认，对她研究中的学习曲线的批判性研究表明，她在试图阐明视觉尺寸恒定性的发展方面的尝试并不那么积极。本研究试图展示婴儿早期视觉尺寸恒定性的发展以及情境差异方面。它包括九个实验。方法(a)受试者：457名12周至一岁的婴儿。(b)刺激情况和程序的条件。第一、第二和第三实验使用两条由赛璐珞制成的红色玩具金鱼，一条长10厘米，另一条长17.5厘米。第4、5、6和7个实验使用了两个红色小球（一个直径为0.25厘米，另一个直径为0.45厘米）。这些物体在距婴儿眼睛 17.4 厘米的位置呈现。假设婴儿表现出对较大表观尺寸物体的偏好反应。在第二个和第六个实验中，我们将较大的物体呈现在距离主体更远的位置，而不是较小的物体。试图使前者的视网膜图像的大小与后者的视网膜图像的大小相同。我们的实验假设，如果被试对较大的物体表现出对较小物体的偏好，那么视觉尺寸恒定性的存在就得到了肯定的证明。结果：(1)在本实验设置的情况下，婴儿早期的儿童更喜欢较大的物体。 5月龄时开始偏好较大的玩具金鱼，6个月时开始偏好较大的红球。(2)对较大球的偏好倾向大于对较大玩具金鱼的偏好倾向。对较大球的偏好在11个月后表现出快速发展。（3）Cruikshank关于视觉尺寸恒定性发展的实验没有假设婴儿对较大物体的偏好，这是她研究的缺点之一。（4）在第二个实验中，在6个月后以红色玩具金鱼作为刺激对象时，发现视觉尺寸恒定性的发展虽然很轻微。（5）在第6次实验，在第6个月龄时可以清楚地发现视觉尺寸恒定性的发育，并且在第8个月后观察到更加清晰。（6）观察到的这两种发育模式之间的尺寸恒定性的差异
I. Problems of the present study and historical review of the previous studies;The present study attempts to clarify experimentally the development, as well as situational difference, of visual size constancy in early infancyPrevious studies on the development of visual size constancy made by Frank, Beyrl. Burzlaff, Akishige, Thouless. Weber & Bicknell, Locke, etc. used very rarely infants who were younger than one year of age. Subjects of Frank's study (8), for instance, were 30 young children, of whom 29 are older than one year.Ruth M. Cruikshank's experiment, under the direction and planning of Brunswik (6) used 73 babies from 13 to 49 weeks old. The present study starts with the criticism of her experiment. She set up three stimulus situations, A B and C, using two rattles large (57cm long) and Small (19cm long). In A, the smaller rattle was presented at 25cm distasce from the eyes of the subject, while in B, the larger one was shown 75cm far, and in C, she presented the larger rattle 75cm far. She assumed that “equal reactions to situations A and B, but lack of equivalence for Situation C would represent the positive aspect of size constancy” (p. 336). We might derive from this assumption the major premise that the subject would show the same response to the object of the same apparent size. This premise was criticized in the present study which started in an attempt to experimentally test the assumption that the infant might prefer the object of the larger apparent size. Even if the premise derived from Cruikshank's assumption was admitted, Acritical study of the learning curves in her study showed that she was not so positively in her attempt to clarlfy the developmental aspect of visual size constancy.The present study tries to show the developmental as well as situationally differential aspects of visual size constancy in early infancy. It comprises nine experiments.II. Method(a) Subjects: 457 babies 12 weeks to one year of age.(b) Conditions of stimulus situation and procedure.The first Second and third experiments used two red toy-gold-fish made of celluloid, one 10cm and the other 17.5cm long. The 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th experiments used two red tiny balls, (one 0.25cm and the other 0.45cm in diameter). These objects were presented, at distance 17.4cm from the eyes of the babies.The babies were assumed to show the preference to respond to the objects of the larger apparent size. In the 2nd aud the sixth experiments we presented the larger object at a distance farther from the subject than the smaller one. trying to make the size of the retinal image of the former iden ical with that of the latter. It was assumed in our experiment that if the subjects showed the preference of the larger object over the smaller one, then the existence of visual size constancy would be positively proved.III. Result.(1) The children in early infancy prefered the larger object under the situation set up in the present experiments. The preference of the larger toy gold-fish began at the 5th month of age while the preference of the larger red ball at the 6th month.(2) The tendency to prefer the larger ball was greater than the inclination to prefer the larger toy-gold-fish. The preference of the larger ball showed rapid development after the 11th month of age.(3) Cruikshank's experiment on the development of visual size constancy did not assume the babies' preference of thelarger object This is one of the short-comings of her study.(4) In the2nd experiment, the development of visual size con stancy, although very slight, was found after the 6th month of age when the red toy-gold-fish was used as the stimulus object.(5) In the 6th experiment, the development of visual size constancy was clearly found at the 6th month of age and was much more clearly observed after the 8th month.(6) The difference between these two modes of development in size constancy observed