The Global Evolution of Travel Visa Regimes
The Global Evolution of Travel Visa Regimes
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DOI：
10.1111/padr.12166
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发表时间：
2018-09-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Villares-Varela, Maria
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Czaika, Mathias;de Haas, Hein;Villares-Varela, Maria
学者们认为，流动性是全球化的关键进程之一（Urry 2002;萨森2000; Elliot and Urry 2010），并与国际旅行的增加有关。正如旅行者在国际机场可以看到的那样，公民身份和身份证件对旅行的便利性有很大的影响。虽然持有富裕国家或友好国家护照的人通常可以轻松通过海关检查，通常使用全自动系统，如"电子门"，但贫穷和政治脆弱国家的公民，特别是来自南亚和东南亚、中东和非洲的公民，通常需要旅行签证才能入境，不得不在边境排长队。这似乎反映了移民和旅行权利的结构性不平等：旅行签证通常适用于"全球南方"国家的公民，他们经常被"全球北方"的政府官员和政策制定者视为移民风险，因为他们有可能寻求庇护或逾期居留，或被视为安全风险，因为它们有可能作为罪犯或恐怖分子威胁公共生活。然而，对北方的看法-南方的流动性差异可能反映了西方或欧洲中心的观点，以及西方人主要通过西方机场旅行的事实所造成的偏见，小的旅行限制。现实似乎比这种二分法更复杂。例如，前往撒哈拉以南非洲以及俄罗斯、中国和印度等国家的欧洲公民或北美人往往需要签证，而且可能会发现自己也在边境排队。虽然西非国家经济共同体（西非经共体）、欧洲联盟（欧盟）、海湾合作理事会（海合会）和南部非洲发展共同体（南共体）等区域集团的公民享有免费的区域内旅行，但来自欧洲和其他第三国的旅行者可能需要入境签证。这表明
SCHOLARS HAVE ARGUED that mobility is one of the key processes of globalization (Urry 2002; Sassen 2000; Elliot and Urry 2010) and is connected to the increase in international travel. As travelers can witness at international airports, citizenship and identification papers have a great influence on the ease of travel. While people holding passports of the wealthy or befriended countries can often breeze through custom checks, often using fully automated systems such as “e-gates,” citizens of poor and politically fragile countries, particularly from South and South-East Asia, the Middle East and Africa, generally require a travel visa to enter and have to queue up in long rows at the border. This seems to mirror a structural inequality in immigration and travel rights: travel visas are generally required for citizens of countries in the “Global South” who are often perceived by government officials and policy makers in the “Global North” as an immigration risk in terms of their potential to seek asylum seekers or to overstay their visas, or perceived as a security risk in terms of their potential to threaten public life as criminals or terrorists.However, the perception of a North-South mobility divide may reflect a Western or Eurocentric perspective and a bias created by the fact that Westerners mainly travel through Western airports where they may face only minor travel constraints. Realities seem to be more complex than this dichotomous representation. For instance, European citizens or North Americans travelling to sub-Saharan Africa and countries including Russia, China, and India often need visas to do so and may find themselves queuing at borders too. While citizens of regional blocs such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the European Union (EU), the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and the South African Development Community (SADC) enjoy free intra-regional travel, travelers from Europe and other third countries may well need an entry visa. This suggests that