Igniting Interaction through Mississippian Tradition-making: An Interregional Analysis at the Audrey Site (11GE20)
Igniting Interaction through Mississippian Tradition-making: An Interregional Analysis at the Audrey Site (11GE20)
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通过密西西比传统的创造激发互动：奥黛丽遗址的区域间分析 (11GE20)
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发表时间：
2018
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通讯作者：
Christina M. Friberg
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作者：
Christina M. Friberg
作者：Friberg，Christina玛尔塔|顾问：Wilson，Gregory D. | 摘要：通过多个考古模式的区域间分析，本文评估了复杂的密西西比（公元1050年至1350年）政体的卡霍基亚如何以及为什么扩大其对北美中部大陆的影响，以及林地社区的方式进行协商的身份，并通过参与这一过程中提出了新的传统。卡霍基亚是墨西哥北部最大和最有影响力的前哥伦布时期城市，其世纪后期在美国底部洪泛平原的合并对整个中西部和中南部的人民产生了持久的影响。卡霍基亚在美洲底层的权力和影响力的扩张被认为与某些工艺品的生产和交换有关，导致建立了一个复杂的定居点网络，包括大卡霍基亚。相反，对卡霍基亚影响力向北方内陆地区传播的研究记录了北方群体在保持某些当地传统的同时，有选择地采用密西西比生活方式的方式。尽管我们对密西西比现象的认识和理解在不断发展，但这些研究仍然留下了一些挥之不去的问题，即密西西比化的过程是如何以及为什么在美国底层之外展开的。下伊利诺伊河谷（LIRV），分隔北方腹地和大卡霍基亚的地理区域，提供了一个机会来调查这些问题。在1980年代和21世纪初，对Audrey-North遗址（11GE20）的调查（和随后的分析）揭示了一个实质性的密西西比人定居点，有一些墙沟建筑，一个汗屋，卡霍基亚风格的陶器和卡霍基人的声望物品，挑战了LIRV作为一个边境地区的概念，其中有最少数量的孤立的密西西比人定居点。我假设LIRV与卡霍基亚的接近可能使某些政治，经济和社会互动成为可能，而这些互动与更遥远的群体是不可能的。此外，这些互动可能导致奥黛丽遗址居民日常生活的重大组织变化。我通过对建筑和社区组织，陶器的生产和消费以及石器工具行业的分析来解决这些问题，这些分析使用了该遗址最近2016年挖掘的数据。对大卡霍基亚地区、伊利诺斯州中部河谷（CIRV）和苹果河谷（ARV）的类似模式进行综合比较分析，最终表明，奥黛丽居民的生活方式实际上与卡霍基亚居民的生活方式更相似，而不是北方内陆地区的生活方式。奥黛丽的建筑规模和类型多样，除了生产卡霍基亚风格的陶器和使用卡霍基亚风格的玄武岩凯尔特人之外，与不太复杂的北方内陆定居点形成鲜明对比，那里的居民经常生产混合陶器，不从事卡霍基亚手工业。我还发现，与北方内陆密西西比人类似，奥黛丽居民保留了某些伍德兰时代的习俗，并混合了其他习俗，在此过程中产生了新的密西西比传统。例如，奥德丽的经济活动（如当地生产的大型伯灵顿燧石双面）的组织比卡霍基亚的中央政治行政综合体组织的复杂性要小。缺乏陶瓷餐具表明奥黛丽居民和北方内陆群体从事社区为导向的食品方式，与卡霍基亚食品方式的仪式主义形成鲜明对比。此外，在奥黛丽发掘的房屋之一是一个墙沟结构与单组职位，一个林地/密西西比州的混合建筑形式也观察到在美国底部的高地。最后，这种广泛的区域间分析收集证据表明，不同群体的人生活在伊利诺伊州和上密西西比河谷在12世纪从事网络的互动和交流卡霍基亚的控制之外。我认为，这些相互作用可能助长了密西西比身份的信号和密西西比传统在北方。
Author(s): Friberg, Christina Marta | Advisor(s): Wilson, Gregory D. | Abstract: Through an interregional analysis of multiple archaeological patterns, this dissertation evaluates how and why the complex Mississippian (AD 1050–1350) polity of Cahokia extended its influence over the North American midcontinent, and the ways in which Woodland communities negotiated identities and made new traditions by participating in this process. Cahokia was the largest and most influential Pre-Columbian city north of Mexico, and its late 11th century coalescence in the American Bottom floodplain had lasting impacts on peoples throughout the Midwest and Midsouth. The expansion of Cahokia’s power and influence in the American Bottom is thought to be related to the production and exchange of certain craft items, resulting in the establishment of a complex network of settlements comprising Greater Cahokia. In contrast, research on the spread of Cahokia’s influence to the northern hinterland regions documents the ways in which northern groups selectively adopted aspects of Mississippian lifeways while maintaining certain local traditions. Even as our knowledge and understanding of the Mississippian phenomenon continues to develop, these studies leave lingering questions about how and why the process of Mississippianization unfolded outside the American Bottom. The Lower Illinois River Valley (LIRV), a geographical zone separating the northern hinterland and Greater Cahokia, presents an opportunity to investigate these questions. Excavations (and subsequent analysis) at the Audrey-North site (11GE20) in the 1980s and early 2000s revealed a substantial nucleated Mississippian settlement with a number of wall-trench buildings, a sweatlodge, Cahokia-style pottery, and Cahokian prestige items, challenging the notion of the LIRV as a frontier region with a minimal number of isolated Mississippian settlements. I hypothesize that the proximity of the LIRV to Cahokia may have enabled certain political, economic, and social interactions that were not possible with more distant groups. Furthermore, these interactions may have resulted in major organizational changes to daily life for the inhabitants of the Audrey site. I address these issues through an analysis of architecture and community organization, production and consumption of pottery, and lithic tool industries using data from the recent 2016 excavations at the site. Comprehensive comparative analyses of similar patterns from Greater Cahokia, the Central Illinois River Valley (CIRV), and Apple River Valley (ARV) ultimately show that Audrey inhabitants did in fact practice lifeways more similar to those at Cahokia than have been observed in the northern hinterland. The variety of building sizes and types at Audrey, in addition to their production of exclusively Cahokia-style pottery and their use of Cahokia-style basalt celts, stands in contrast to the less-complex northern hinterland settlements whose inhabitants often produced hybrid pottery and were not engaged in Cahokian craft industries. I also found that, similar to northern hinterland Mississippians, Audrey inhabitants maintained certain Woodland-era conventions and hybridized others, generating new Mississippian traditions in the process. For example, the organization of Audrey’s economic activities (such as the local production of large Burlington chert bifaces) was less complex than those organized through Cahokia’s central political-administrative complex. A lack of ceramic servingwares suggests Audrey inhabitants and northern hinterland groups engaged in communally-oriented foodways in contrast to the ceremonialism of foodways at Cahokia. Additionally, one of the houses excavated at Audrey was a wall-trench structure with single-set posts, a Woodland/Mississippian hybrid form of architecture also observed in the uplands of the American Bottom. Finally, this broad interregional analysis assembles evidence that the diverse groups of people living in the Illinois and Upper Mississippi valleys during the 12th century were engaged in a network of interaction and exchange outside of Cahokia’s control. I suggest that these interactions may have fueled the signaling of Mississippian identities and the making of Mississippian traditions in the north.