Agricultural innovation: invention and adoption or change and adaptation?
Agricultural innovation: invention and adoption or change and adaptation?
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DOI：
10.1080/00438240903429649
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发表时间：
2010-01
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
M. van der Veen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. van der Veen
农业创新主要涉及增加产量（粮食、饲料、副产品）和提高质量（产品、生产过程、生长条件）的需要。本文回顾了当前关于农业改进和创新如何产生、采取何种形式以及涉及哪些代理人的思考。创新通常会影响以下一个或多个领域：作物、动物、生长条件、工具和管理做法。虽然“宏观发明”（激进的新思想）确实存在，但许多人关注的是“微观发明”，即熟练从业者（农民、工匠）而不是发明家或企业家对工具和实践的改变或修改。事实上，农业创新往往不太关注采用新引进的技术，而是改造现有技术。“农业革命”一词通常用于农业系统中不同领域的许多改进作为一个综合体同时发生的情况，尽管这些改进可能是逐渐引入的，但一旦它们达到临界质量，它们对社会的影响可能是值得“革命”一词的。
Abstract Agricultural innovations are primarily concerned with a need for increasing production (of food, fodder, secondary products) as well as enhancing quality (of produce, production process, growing conditions). This paper reviews current thinking on how improvements and innovations in agriculture arise, what forms they take and what agents are involved. Innovations typically affect one or more of the following areas: crops, animals, growing conditions, implements and management practices. While ‘macro-inventions’ (radical new ideas) do occur, many concern ‘micro-inventions’, that is changes or modifications to tools and practices made by skilled practitioners (farmers, craftspeople), rather than by inventors or entrepreneurs. Indeed, agricultural innovations frequently concern not so much the adoption of newly introduced technologies, but the adaptation of existing ones. The term ‘agricultural revolution’ tends to be used when a number of improvements in separate areas of the farming system co-occur as a complex, and, although these may be introduced gradually, once they reach a critical mass their impact on society may be of a magnitude deserving of the term ‘revolution’.