Phytogeography, Species Diversity, Community Structure and Dynamics of Central Amazonian Floodplain Forests
Phytogeography, Species Diversity, Community Structure and Dynamics of Central Amazonian Floodplain Forests
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亚马逊中部洪泛区森林的植物地理学、物种多样性、群落结构和动态
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发表时间：
2010
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
W. Junk
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作者：
F. Wittmann;J. Schöngart;W. Junk
亚马逊河洪泛平原森林分为营养丰富的白水洪泛平原（varzea）和营养贫乏的黑水和清水洪泛平原（igapo）。树种分布取决于河流沃茨的泥沙和营养负荷、洪水状况和水文地貌扰动。不同洪泛平原森林类型的分布取决于树种对不同洪水等级和洪水期的适应性，大多数生境和物种沿洪水梯度沿着呈强烈的地带性分布。这导致了具有不同物种组成、多样性和森林结构的特征性演替阶段。亚马逊河漫滩，特别是瓦尔泽亚河，被世界上物种最丰富的漫滩森林所覆盖。低水淹林的植物区系不同于高水淹林，其特点是与周围高地的物种交换激烈。高度水淹林的特点是特有树种的高度。这表明至少自古新世早期以来，亚马逊盆地大部分地区的环境条件相对稳定。这是可能的，亚马逊河洪泛区代表线性避难所的亚马逊河高地在干燥的气候条件下，对干旱敏感的树种。
Amazonian floodplain forests are classified into nutrient-rich white-water floodplains (varzea) and nutrient-poor black-water and clear-water floodplains (igapo). Tree species distribution depends on sediment- and nutrient-loads of river waters, on flood regimes and hydro-geomorphic disturbance. The distribution of the different floodplain forest types is determined by adaptations of tree species to different levels and periods of flooding, and most habitats and species are strongly zoned along the flooding gradient. This leads to characteristic successional stages with distinct species composition, diversity, and forest structure. Amazonian floodplains and especially the varzea is covered by the most-species rich floodplain forest worldwide. Low flooded forests are floristically distinct from highly-flooded forests, and characterized by intense species exchange with the surrounding uplands. Highly-flooded forests are characterized by elevated degrees of endemic tree species. This indicates comparatively stable environmental conditions over large part of the Amazon basin since at least the early Palaeocene. It is likely that the Amazonian floodplains represented linear refuges for moist-sensitive tree species from the Amazonian uplands during periods with dryer climatic conditions.