Exposure to nicotine is probably a major cause of inflammatory diseases among non-smokers
Exposure to nicotine is probably a major cause of inflammatory diseases among non-smokers
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DOI：
10.1016/j.mehy.2005.02.039
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发表时间：
2005-01-01
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Gracia, MC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gracia, MC
这篇文章评估的假设，大多数炎症性疾病是由尼古丁的精神活性作用引起的条件反射。即使在非常“轻”的被动吸烟者中，通过经典和随后的操作性条件反射，奖励系统的重复烟碱刺激也会对同时发生的大多数相关感知产生无意识的成瘾，包括尼古丁对伤害性“胆碱能抗炎通路”的作用引起的人为的、非局部的疼痛或疾病感觉。在尼古丁戒断期间，特别是在压力下，以前对这种疼痛上瘾的大脑被迫通过没有尼古丁的唯一方法复制它：在一个人的有机体中引起损伤或细胞压力，例如，通过引发强烈的炎症。作者的观察和两项独立的研究证实，尼古丁戒断会导致炎症危机。此外，有证据表明，即使在几乎不明显的尼古丁暴露下，例如在离吸烟者几米远的户外停留几分钟，也会引发严重的炎症。这已经被一名患者清楚地观察到，并且可以从理论考虑（神经通路的敏感性和条件反射过程的累积性）和动物实验参考中推断出来，并且得到以下事实的证实：尽管尼古丁戒断和炎症之间的关系已得到证实，但大多数炎症性疾病对所有非吸烟者的影响都是相似的，无论他们是否明显暴露于尼古丁。这种敏感性意味着大多数人口稠密的城市地区的户外空气现在对健康构成严重危害，可能需要禁止所有可吸烟形式的尼古丁。通常针对封闭空间的反吸烟措施对这种危险是无效的。(c)2005爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
This article assesses the hypothesis that most inflammatory diseases are conditioned responses caused by the psychoactive action of nicotine. Even in very 'light' passive smokers, the repeated nicotinic stimulation of the reward system can produce, through classical and subsequent operant conditioning, unconscious addiction to most relevant perceptions occurring simultaneously, including the artificial, non-localised sensation of pain or sickness caused by the action of nicotine on the nociceptive 'cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway'. During nicotine abstinence and especially under stress, the brain previously addicted to this pain is compelled to reproduce it by the only method available without nicotine: causing lesions or cellular stress in one's organism, for example, by triggering intense inflammations. The author's observations and two independent studies have confirmed that nicotine withdrawal causes inflammatory crises. Furthermore, there is evidence that severe inflammations can be triggered even by almost unnoticeable exposures to nicotine, for example, by staying several minutes outdoors at a few metres from smokers. This has been clearly observed by one patient and can be deduced from theoretical considerations (sensitivity of neural pathways and cumulativeness of conditioning processes) and an animal experimental reference, and is confirmed by the fact that most inflammatory diseases affect similarly all non-smokers regardless of their apparent exposure to nicotine, despite the proven relation between nicotine withdrawal and inflammation. This sensitivity implies that the outdoors atmosphere of most densely populated urban areas represents now a serious health hazard, probably requiring the prohibition of all smokable forms of nicotine. The usual anti-smoking measures focused on closed spaces are inefficient against this danger. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.