Studies on measles. I. Susceptibility of monkeys to the virus of measles.
Studies on measles. I. Susceptibility of monkeys to the virus of measles.
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DOI：
10.1084/jem.33.3.385
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发表时间：
1921-03-01
影响因子：
15.3
通讯作者：
Trask, JD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Blake, FG;Trask, JD
通过向猴子气管内注射麻疹病例的未经过滤的鼻咽冲洗液，在疾病的爆发前和爆发早期，诱发了一组相对恒定的症状，与人类麻疹的症状非常相似。七只猴子气管内接种了七例麻疹病例的未经过滤的鼻咽冲洗液，其中五只出现了症状。通过将来自麻疹病例的未经过滤的鼻咽冲洗液接种到一只猴子的鼻子和口腔粘膜上，诱发了同一组症状。在这些实验中，接种材料中存在多种生物体，主要是鼻咽和口腔中的腐生生物。然而，有足够的证据表明，这些微生物与这种反应无关，因为通过伯克菲尔德 N 过滤器过滤除去口腔菌群的普通微生物后，将三例麻疹病例的鼻咽冲洗液气管内注射，在两只猴子中诱发了同一组症状。将麻疹患者的鼻咽冲洗液接种到猴子后，出现了一组特征性症状。在反应发生后2至6天处死的猴子的皮肤和口腔粘膜上气管内注射盐水乳液，成功地进行了六次传代。从第四代猴子开始，通过静脉注射柠檬酸盐全血，在三只猴子中也成功诱导了反应。该实验表明，血液至少在供体猴气管内接种后第7天至第13天能够引发反应，但在第2天至第4天不能诱发反应。血培养物未显示生长。引起的这组症状的特征是恒定且明确的。经过 6 至 10 天的潜伏期后，动物变得无精打采、昏昏欲睡，结膜充血，唇粘膜上出现小的、离散的、充血的斑疹。这些斑点的数量会增加，并最终可能在 2 至 4 天内合并，形成弥漫性红色颗粒状皮疹。这种皮疹通常仅限于唇部粘膜，但也可能延伸至脸颊内侧。单个斑疹可能会或可能不会显示 Koplik 斑点的微小蓝白色中心特征。发病后一到几天，皮肤上会出现小的、离散的红色斑丘疹，通常首先出现在脸上。皮疹的数量和大小逐渐增加，并可能在 2 至 3 天内扩展到颈部、肩部、上臂、胸部、腹部和大腿的皮肤。它的特征是恒定的，但在不同动物中其程度差异很大。当皮疹完全发展时，粘膜上的皮疹已开始消退并很快消失。疹子逐渐消退，有时伴有麸皮剥落，有时则没有。可能有中度色素沉着。发病后第 6 至 10 天，所有症状均消失，动物再次表现良好。与这组症状同时发生的是白细胞总数持续且明确的减少，通常构成真正的白细胞减少症。其他不规则发生的症状包括畏光、腹泻和发烧。尚未发现鼻炎和支气管炎的症状。皮肤病变的组织学切片显示真皮毛细血管周围存在渗出性和增殖性病变……
By the intratracheal injection into monkeys of unfiltered nasopharyngeal washings from cases of measles in the preeruptive and early eruptive stages of the disease a relatively constant group of symptoms was induced which closely resemble those of measles in man. Of seven monkeys inoculated intratracheally with unfiltered nasopharyngeal washings from seven cases of measles, five developed the symptoms. The same group of symptoms was induced in one monkey by inoculation of the mucous membrane of the nose and mouth with unfiltered nasopharyngeal washings from a case of measles. In these experiments a variety of organisms, largely saprophytic inhabitants of the nasopharynx and mouth, were present in the material inoculated. There is sufficient evidence, however, that these organisms were in no way responsible for the reaction, since the same group of symptoms was induced in two monkeys by the intratracheal injection of nasopharyngeal washings from three cases of measles after the washings had been freed from ordinary organisms of the mouth flora by filtration through Berkefeld N filters.The characteristic group of symptoms which follows the inoculation of monkeys with the nasopharyngeal washings from patients with measles has been. successfully carried through six passages by intratracheal injection of saline emulsions of the skin and buccal mucous membranes of monkeys killed from 2 to 6 days after the onset of the reaction. From the fourth passage monkey the reaction was also successfully induced in three monkeys by means of citrated whole blood injected intravenously. This experiment showed the blood to be capable of inciting the reaction from at least the 7th to 13th days after intratracheal inoculation of the donor monkey, but incapable of inducing it from the 2nd to 4th days. Cultures of the blood showed no growth.The group of symptoms induced has been constant and definite in character. After an incubation period of 6 to 10 days the animal becomes listless and drowsy, the conjunctivæ become injected, and small, discrete, hyperemic macules appear on the labial mucous membrane. These spots increase in number and may eventually coalesce in the course of 2 to 4 days to form a diffuse, red, granular rash. This rash is usually limited to the labial mucous membrane but may extend to the inside of the cheeks. The individual macules may or may not show the minute bluish white center characteristic of Koplik spots. From one to several days after onset an eruption of small, discrete, red maculopapules appears on the skin, usually coming out first on the face. The rash progressively increases in the number and size of the individual lesions and may in the course of 2 to 3 days extend to the skin of the neck, shoulders, upper arms, chest, abdomen, and thighs. It is constant in character but varies considerably in extent in different animals. By the time the exanthem is fully developed, the rash on the mucous membranes has begun to fade and soon disappears. The exanthem in turn progressively fades, sometimes with a branny desquamation, sometimes without. There may be moderate pigmentation. By the 6th to the 10th day after onset all symptoms have disappeared and the animal again appears well. Coincident with this group of symptoms there is a constant and definite reduction in the total leucocyte count, frequently constituting a true leucopenia. Other symptoms of irregular occurrence are photophobia, diarrhea, and fever. Symptoms of rhinitis and bronchitis have not been noted. Histological sections of the lesions of the skin show an exudative and proliferative lesion about the capillaries of the corium in …