Collective Memory of Physical Violence: its Contribution to the Culture of Violence
Collective Memory of Physical Violence: its Contribution to the Culture of Violence
复制标题
身体暴力的集体记忆：它对暴力文化的贡献
DOI：
10.1057/9781403919823_5
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发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Bar
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Bar
许多社会科学家认为，群体间冲突是人类社会生活中不可避免的一部分(例如，Coser，1956；Levi-Strauss，1958；Burton，1969；Galtung，1969；Mitchell，1981)。事实上，文明的历史充满了持续不断的和无数的族群间冲突*，20世纪见证了历史上一些最恶毒和最残暴的种族间和国际冲突(例如，见理查森出版的冲突清单，1960年；比尔，1981年)。群体间的冲突不是一种单一的类型；评估它们的一种方法是根据它们的强度和严重性对它们进行分类。在这方面，Kriesberg(1993,1998)建议对冲突进行难以处理的分类。这一层面最棘手的问题是冲突，在这些冲突中，有关各方抵制和平解决，并使暴力恶性循环永久化。在这一层面最容易处理的是冲突，在这些冲突中，有关各方使用制度化和可接受的对抗途径，通过例行谈判来解决争端和避免暴力。棘手的冲突有七个特点：(1)它们持续很长时间--至少一代人；(2)它们是暴力的，包括杀害军事人员和平民；(3)参与各方认为其冲突是不可调和的；(4)参与各方的不同部分在冲突的继续中已获得既得利益的经济、军事和意识形态利益；(5)冲突被认为是零和的；(6)冲突中的问题涉及被认为对当事方的生存至关重要的基本需求；以及(7)冲突在参与各方的议程上占据中心位置(Kriesberg，1993,1998；BarTal，1998)。这些特征应该被视为连续变量，而冲突的任何一种情况都可以沿着每个变量进行描述和评估
Many social scientists suggest that intergroup conflicts are an inevitable part of human social life (for example, Coser, 1956; Levi-Strauss, 1958; Burton, 1969; Galtung, 1969; Mitchell, 1981). Indeed, the history of civilisation is filled with continuous and numerous intergroup conflicts,* and the twentieth century has witnessed some of the most vicious and atrocious inter-ethnic and international conflicts in history (see, for example, the list of conflicts published by Richardson, 1960; Beer, 1981). Intergroup conflicts are not of a unitary type; one way to evaluate them is to categorise them according to their intensity and severity. In this vein, Kriesberg (1993, 1998) suggested the classification of conflicts on an intractable–tractable dimension. At the intractable pole of the dimension are conflicts in which engaged parties resist a peaceful resolution and perpetuate vicious cycles of violence. At the tractable pole of the dimension are conflicts in which the parties involved use institutionalised and acceptable avenues of confrontation, routine negotiations to resolve disputes and avoid violence. Intractable conflicts are characterised by seven features:(1) they persist for a long time–at least a generation;(2) they are violent, involving killings of military personnel and civilians;(3) the parties involved perceive their conflict as irreconcilable;(4) various sectors of participating parties have vested economic, military and ideological interests in the continuation of the conflict;(5) the conflicts are perceived as zero sum in nature;(6) the issues in the conflicts concern basic needs which are perceived as essential for the parties’ survival; and (7) the conflicts occupy a central place on the agenda of the parties involved (Kriesberg, 1993, 1998; Bar-Tal, 1998). Those features should be seen rather as continuous variables, whereas any one case of conflict can be described and evaluated along each