Genes, peoples, and languages
Genes, peoples, and languages
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.94.15.7719
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发表时间：
1997-07-22
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
CavalliSforza, LL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
CavalliSforza, LL
一组种群的遗传历史通常通过重建其起源树来分析，重建的可靠性取决于种群的遗传分化主要是由于种群分裂和随后的独立进化这一假设的有效性，如果必要的话，可以对主要的种群混合物进行调整，分裂的年代需要与古人类学和古生物学的年代进行比较，这是很少的和不确定的。最近引入的绝对遗传定年方法使用突变率作为分子钟;它被应用于人类进化使用微卫星，具有足够高的突变率，结果与其他方法的结果是可比的，并同意现代人类最近从非洲扩张。另一种分析方法是对等位基因或单倍型频率的地理研究，当有足够的地理覆盖范围时，这种方法很有用。就像树木的情况一样，有必要总结来自许多位点的数据，以便得出可接受的结论。结果必须独立于所使用的位点，多变量分析如主成分或多维标度揭示了一些隐藏的模式，并评估其相对重要性，在对人类生活人口的分析中发现的大多数模式可能是人口扩张的后果，由影响粮食供应，运输或军事力量的技术发展决定，在这种扩张期间，基因和语言都传播到潜在的广大地区，原则上，这往往会在各自的进化树之间产生相关性。这种相关性通常是正的，而且往往非常高。由于基因流动，语言替换和基因替换（通常是部分替换）的现象可以降低或隐藏这种相关性。
The genetic history of a group of populations is usually analyzed by reconstructing a tree of their origins, Reliability of the reconstruction depends on the validity of the hypothesis that genetic differentiation of the populations is mostly due to population fissions followed by independent evolution, If necessary, adjustment for major population admixtures can be made, Dating the fissions requires comparisons with paleoanthropological and paleontological dates, which are few and uncertain. A method of absolute genetic dating recently introduced uses mutation rates as molecular clocks; it was applied to human evolution using microsatellites, which have a sufficiently high mutation rate, Results are comparable with those of other methods and agree with a recent expansion of modern humans from Africa. An alternative method of analysis, useful when there is adequate geographic coverage of regions, is the geographic study of frequencies of alleles or haplotypes. As in the case of trees, it is necessary to summarize data from many loci for conclusions to be acceptable. Results must be independent from the loci used, Multivariate analyses like principal components or multidimensional scaling reveal a number of hidden patterns and evaluate their relative importance, Most patterns found in the analysis of human living populations are likely to be consequences of demographic expansions, determined by technological developments affecting food availability, trans portation, or military power, During such expansions, both genes and languages are spread to potentially vast areas, In principle, this tends to create a correlation between the respective evolutionary trees. The correlation is usually positive and often remarkably high, It can be decreased or hidden by phenomena of language replacement and also of gene replacement, usually partial, due to gene flow.