Applications of carboxylesterase activity in environmental monitoring and toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs).
Applications of carboxylesterase activity in environmental monitoring and toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs).
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DOI：
10.1007/978-0-387-77030-7_5
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发表时间：
2008
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
C. Wheelock;B. Phillips;B. Anderson;Jeffrey L. Miller;Mike J Miller;B. Hammock
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Wheelock;B. Phillips;B. Anderson;Jeffrey L. Miller;Mike J Miller;B. Hammock
本综述的目的是审查羧酸酯酶活性在环境监测中的应用，特别强调拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂。本章首先概述了酶类，包括一般结构，功能，催化机制和底物特异性。本节将介绍羧酸酯酶及其生物学意义，以及它们在代谢和解毒反应中的作用。在本节之后，对羧酸酯酶活性在环境监测中应用的不同报告进行了深入分析，并以生物体为基础进行了介绍。从环境的角度来看，羧酸酯酶介导的最重要的反应之一是拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的水解和随后的解毒。从蠕虫到鱼类再到人类，这一反应是许多生物对拟除虫菊酯的主要解毒途径之一，也是昆虫对拟除虫菊酯相关毒性产生抗性的重要途径。因此，对这类杀虫剂进行了更详细的综述，重点是毒性和物理性质。对拟除虫菊酯的高疏水性进行了具体讨论，讨论了表面吸附对水生测试系统中观察到的毒性的影响。特别值得一提的是，不断变化的农业实践加上新的立法正在导致杀虫剂的使用模式从有机磷和氨基甲酸酯转向拟除虫菊酯。这种转变的影响是复杂的，而且可能影响深远，尤其是对环境的影响。特别是，拟除虫菊酯对许多水生生物的极端毒性，加上其疏水性，已引起人们对其潜在环境影响的关注。目前为鉴定水和沉积物样品中的杀虫剂（和其他环境污染物）而设计的毒性鉴定评估（TIE）方案不能完全肯定地确定拟除虫菊酯相关的毒性，这一事实加剧了这一关切。为了解决这一不足，在水生毒性测试中，已经提出使用羧酸酯酶活性水解拟除虫菊酯作为一种简单的、基于机械的方法来选择性地鉴定拟除虫菊酯相关毒性。本章回顾了TIE协议和羧酸酯酶活性在TIE方法发展中的作用。一系列的案例研究提出了羧酸酯酶活性被用来确定拟除虫菊酯相关的毒性。还研究了选择性检测拟除虫菊酯相关毒性的其他方法，包括使用温差和胡椒酰丁醇（PBO）。还分析了羧酸酯酶添加技术的优缺点，并对未来的发展提出了一些不同的建议。综上所述，本文详细分析了羧酸酯酶在环境监测中的多种应用，并对该酶系统的进一步研究提出了建议。
The purpose of this review is to examine uses of carboxylesterase activity in environmental monitoring with a specific emphasis on pyrethroid insecticides. The chapter begins with an overview of the enzyme class, including general structure, function, catalytic mechanism, and substrate specificity. This section serves to introduce carboxylesterases, their biological significance, and their role in metabolism and detoxification reactions. Following this section, an in-depth analysis of different reports of applications of carboxylesterase activity in environmental monitoring is presented on an organism-specific basis. From an environmental standpoint, one of the most important carboxylesterase-mediated reactions is the hydrolysis and subsequent detoxification of pyrethroid insecticides. This reaction is one of the main detoxification pathways for pyrethroids in numerous organisms ranging from worms to fish to humans and is also an important pathway for the development of insect resistance to pyrethroid-associated toxicity. Accordingly, this class of insecticide is reviewed in more detail, with emphasis on toxicity and physical properties. The high hydrophobicity of pyrethroids is specifically addressed with a discussion of the effects of surface adsorption upon the observed toxicity in aquatic testing systems. A particular point is that changing agricultural practices combined with new legislation are causing a shift in insecticide usage patterns from organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates to pyrethroids. The effects of this shift are complex and potentially far reaching, especially the environmental consequences. In particular, the extreme toxicity of pyrethroids to many aquatic organisms, combined with their hydrophobicity, has resulted in concern regarding their potential environmental effects. This concern is exacerbated by the fact that current Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) protocols devised for the identification of insecticides (and other environmental contaminants) in aqueous and sediment samples do not identify pyrethroid-associated toxicity with complete certainty. To address this shortfall, the use of carboxylesterase activity to hydrolyze pyrethroids in aquatic toxicity testing has been proposed as a simple, mechanistically based method to selectively identify pyrethroidassociated toxicity. This chapter reviews TIE protocols and the role of carboxylesterase activity in the development of TIE methods. A series of case studies are presented in which carboxylesterase activity was employed to identify pyrethroidassociated toxicity. Additional methods for the selective detection of pyrethroidassociated toxicity are also examined, including the use of temperature differentials and piperonyl butoxide (PBO). The strengths and weaknesses of the carboxylesterase-addition technique are also analyzed, with a number of distinct recommendations made for future development. Taken together, this review provides a detailed analysis of multiple applications of carboxylesterase to environmental monitoring and strongly advocates for further work on this enzyme system.