Should NPS be included in workplace drug testing?
Should NPS be included in workplace drug testing?
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DOI：
10.1002/dta.2749
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发表时间：
2020-02-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Vincenti, Marco
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Salomone, Alberto;Palamar, Joseph J.;Vincenti, Marco
近年来，使用首字母缩略词“”无疑变得越来越普遍。政策制定者、医务人员、毒理学家、执法官员、社会工作者和记者逐渐熟悉了新精神活性物质的现象。2009年发布了关于吸毒和滥用的最初警告，吸毒逐渐成为一个全球性问题，全世界有100多个国家和地区报告出现了吸毒。近年来，毒品消费以前所未有的速度激增，对公共健康构成重大风险，并对国家和国际毒品政策构成挑战。黑市上频繁出现的新毒品（直到最近）阻止了负担得起的和及时的分析程序;因此，禁止在特定情况下（例如驾驶）拥有或使用的潜在法律无法执行。在实践中，避孕药没有得到常规筛查，它们仍然被普遍使用，没有法律的后果。直到最近，实验室才开始在工作场所药物检测，驾驶重新许可，路边控制和戒断计划的背景下提供筛查和确认分析。尽管如此，这些分析方法的应用仍然有些零星，并局限于高度专业化的实验室。此外，这些复杂的分析涉及相当大的成本，很少能负担得起的客户。一系列新的因素可能会改变这种不利的分析情况，在未来几年的药物筛选，特别是在工作场所的药物测试（WDT）的背景下。首先，一些国家已经禁止了整个类别的杀虫剂，而不管其具体的化学结构如何。其次，在种类繁多的抗抑郁药中，有些被证明具有“理想的”药理作用，而另一些则由于其令人不快的副作用而更有可能消失5-7。第三，药代动力学研究逐步提供了关于不同生物基质中各种代谢途径和要寻找的目标分析物的信息。最后，也是最重要的一点，最近的技术发展可能会使筛查分析变得更加负担得起和有效。例如，现代UHPLC-MS/MS仪器允许在单次分析运行中检测大样本组，由于其与非特异性（即，一般）样品提取程序8-10的兼容性，涵盖不同类别的目标分析物。进一步
Use of the acronym “NPS” has unquestionably become more common in recent years. Policymakers, medical personnel, toxicologists, law enforcement officials, social workers, and journalists, have gradually become familiar with the phenomenon of the New Psychoactive Substances (NPS). The initial warnings about NPS use and abuse were issued in 2009, and NPS progressively became a global issue, with over 100 countries and regions throughout the world having reported the emergence of NPS. In recent years, the consumption of NPS has proliferated at an unprecedented rate and poses a significant risk to the public health and a challenge to national and international drug policies 1. The frequent emergence of new NPS on the black market (until recently) prevented affordable and timely analytical procedures; consequently, potential laws forbidding possession or use in specific contexts (eg, driving) were not enforceable. In practice, NPS have not been routinely screened and they are still commonly used without legal consequences. Only recently, laboratories have begun to offer screening and confirmation analysis for NPS in the context of workplace drug testing, driving re-licensing, roadside control, and withdrawal programs 2, 3. Still, the application of these analytical methods remains somewhat sporadic and confined to highly specialized laboratories. Furthermore, these sophisticated analyses involve considerable costs, rarely affordable by clients.A series of new factors may modify this unfavorable analytical situation for NPS screening in forthcoming years, especially in the context of workplace drug testing (WDT). First, several countries have banned entire classes of NPS, irrespective of their specific chemical structure 4. Secondly, among the large variety of NPS, some are proven to have “desirable” pharmacological effects, while others are more likely to disappear because of their unpleasant side-effects 5-7. Third, pharmacokinetic studies progressively provide information about the various NPS metabolic pathways and the target analytes to look for, in different biological matrices. Lastly, and most importantly, recent technological developments may make screening analysis for NPS more affordable and effective. For example, the modern UHPLC-MS/MS instrumentation allows the detection of large NPS panels within a single analytical run, covering different classes of target analytes due to their compatibility with unspecific (ie, general) sample extraction procedures 8-10. Further