Drivers of the relative richness of naturalized and invasive plant species on Earth
Drivers of the relative richness of naturalized and invasive plant species on Earth
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DOI：
10.1093/aobpla/plz051
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发表时间：
2019-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Winter, Marten
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Essl, Franz;Dawson, Wayne;Winter, Marten
生物入侵是人类世的一个定义性特征，但决定外来植物物种空间分布不均匀的因素仍然知之甚少。在这里，我们提出了第一个全球分析的影响，地理因素，物理环境和社会经济的丰富性的归化和入侵的外来植物。我们使用广义线性混合效应模型和变异划分来理清各个因素的相对重要性，更广泛地说，地理，物理环境和社会经济。作为永久性人为增加的区域物种库和物种的负面环境影响的程度的措施，我们计算了相对丰富的归化（= RRN）和入侵（= RRI）外来植物物种的数量调整本地物种的数量在838个陆地区域。社会经济因素（人均国内生产总值（GDP），人口密度，农业用地比例）在解释RRI（近似50%的解释变异）比RRN（近似40%）更重要。暖温带和（亚）热带地区的RRN高于热带或较冷的地区。我们发现，社会经济压力更相关的入侵比归化物种丰富度。南半球比北方受到更多入侵的预期仅在岛屿上的RRN中得到证实，但在大陆地区和RRI中均未得到证实。平均而言，岛屿与大陆地区相比，RRN接近6倍，RRI>3倍。82个岛屿（=所有岛屿的26%）的港口比本地植物更多的归化外来。我们的研究结果挑战了人们普遍持有的期望，即社会经济压力与植物归化比与入侵植物更相关。为了实现国际生物多样性目标和制止植物入侵的有害后果，必须通过改善途径管理、早期发现和快速反应，切断社会经济发展与植物入侵之间的联系。
Biological invasions are a defining feature of the Anthropocene, but the factors that determine the spatially uneven distribution of alien plant species are still poorly understood. Here, we present the first global analysis of the effects of biogeographic factors, the physical environment and socio-economy on the richness of naturalized and invasive alien plants. We used generalized linear mixed-effects models and variation partitioning to disentangle the relative importance of individual factors, and, more broadly, of biogeography, physical environment and socio-economy. As measures of the magnitude of permanent anthropogenic additions to the regional species pool and of species with negative environmental impacts, we calculated the relative richness of naturalized (= RRN) and invasive (= RRI) alien plant species numbers adjusted for the number of native species in 838 terrestrial regions. Socio-economic factors (per-capita gross domestic product (GDP), population density, proportion of agricultural land) were more important in explaining RRI (similar to 50 % of the explained variation) than RRN (similar to 40 %). Warm-temperate and (sub)tropical regions have higher RRN than tropical or cooler regions. We found that socio-economic pressures are more relevant for invasive than for naturalized species richness. The expectation that the southern hemisphere is more invaded than the northern hemisphere was confirmed only for RRN on islands, but not for mainland regions nor for RRI. On average, islands have similar to 6-fold RRN, and >3-fold RRI compared to mainland regions. Eighty-two islands (=26 % of all islands) harbour more naturalized alien than native plants. Our findings challenge the widely held expectation that socio-economic pressures are more relevant for plant naturalization than for invasive plants. To meet international biodiversity targets and halt the detrimental consequences of plant invasions, it is essential to disrupt the connection between socio-economic development and plant invasions by improving pathway management, early detection and rapid response.