A review of the hatchery programs for pink salmon in Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island, Alaska
A review of the hatchery programs for pink salmon in Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island, Alaska
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DOI：
10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129
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发表时间：
2000-03-01
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
Eggers, D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hilborn, R;Eggers, D
阿拉斯加威廉王子湾的五个孵化场每年释放超过5亿条粉红鲑鱼幼鱼，构成了世界上最大的鲑鱼孵化场计划之一。在1974年该计划启动之前，粉红色三文鱼的捕获量非常低，1951年至1979年期间平均每年有300万条鱼。自1980年以来，渔获量平均每年超过2000万条。然而，阿拉斯加其他三个粉红鲑鱼捕捞量较大的地区(阿拉斯加东南部、科迪亚克岛和阿拉斯加半岛南部)的渔获量在同一时期也出现了同样的增长，孵化场的产量直到20世纪80年代中期才成为威廉王子湾的主导因素，而那时野生三文鱼种群已经扩大很久。科迪亚克地区的孵化场项目与威廉王子湾项目形成了有益的对比，因为它规模较小，与科迪亚克岛的主要野生动物产区更加隔绝。证据表明，威廉王子湾的孵化项目取代了野生动物的生产，而不是增加了野生动物的产量。替换的两个可能原因是与捕捞孵化场种群有关的野生捕获量减少，以及孵化场鱼类对野生鱼类的生物影响。已发表的论文对埃克森-瓦尔迪兹漏油事件的影响意见不一，但没有一篇估计能解释野生动物数量减少超过2%的原因，野生动物数量的下降早在石油泄漏之前就开始了。科迪亚克地区的计划没有证据表明对野生种群有任何影响。这一分析表明，考虑使用孵化场来增加鲑鱼或其他海洋物种的机构应该意识到，野生种群可能受到不利影响的可能性很大，除非孵化场鱼类的捕捞与野生种群隔离，并且孵化场和野生鱼类在其早期海洋生活中不共享栖息地。
Five hatcheries in Prince William Sound, Alaska, release more than 500 million juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha each year, constituting one of the largest salmon hatchery programs in the world. Before the program was initiated in 1974, pink salmon catches were very low, averaging 3 million fish per year between 1951 and 1979. Since 1980 the catch has averaged more than 20 million fish per year. However, catches in three other areas in Alaska with substantial fisheries for pink salmon (southeast Alaska, Kodiak Island, and the southern Alaska Peninsula) also increased equivalently during the same period, and the hatchery production did not become the dominant factor in Prince William Sound until the mid-1980s, long after the wild population had expanded. A hatchery program in the Kodiak area provides useful contrast to the Prince William Sound program because it is smaller and more isolated from the major wild-stock-producing areas of Kodiak Island. The evidence suggests that the hatchery program in Prince William Sound replaced rather than augmented wild production. Two likely causes of the replacement were a decline in wild escapement associated with harvesting hatchery stocks and biological impacts of the hatchery fish on wild fish. Published papers disagree on the impact of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, but none of the estimates would account for more than a 2% reduction in wild-stock abundance, and the decline in wild stocks began well before the oil spill. No evidence in the Kodiak area program suggests any impact on wild stocks. This analysis suggests that agencies considering the use of hatcheries for augmenting salmonids or other marine species should be aware of the high probability that wild stocks may be adversely affected unless the harvesting of the hatchery fish is isolated from the wild stocks and the hatchery and wild fish do not share habitat during their early ocean life.