Experiences of sexual and gender minorities in an urban enclave of Haiti: despised, beaten, stoned, stabbed, shot and raped
Experiences of sexual and gender minorities in an urban enclave of Haiti: despised, beaten, stoned, stabbed, shot and raped
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海地城市飞地中性少数群体的经历：被鄙视、殴打、用石头砸死、刺伤、枪杀和强奸
DOI：
10.1080/13691058.2019.1628305
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Jenifer Ollis
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
G. Rahill;Manisha Joshi;J. Galea;Jenifer Ollis
摘要 对海地和全球性少数群体的研究通常涉及针对男男性行为者的艾滋病毒研究和规划。我们对海地太阳城贫民窟的个人进行了焦点小组调查，这些人出生时的指定性别既不符合他们的性别认同，也不符合性别角色的异性恋规范建构，即跨性别女性和跨性别男性。 《日惹原则》提供了研究框架。焦点小组参与者就整体福祉、身份、生物心理社会优势以及艾滋病毒保护和风险因素提供了主流观点。我们发现，与背景规范相冲突的性别表达会引发针对参与者的反复、侮辱性和故意伤害性性侵犯，从而增加他们感染艾滋病毒的风险；参与者遭受殴打、枪击、刺伤、石刑和社会政治暴力。缺乏保密性和耻辱阻碍了参与者获得稀缺的艾滋病毒资源。性、性别认同和性别表达之间的模糊界限与传统的基于性别的角色相结合，使得顺性别异性恋男性和跨性别男性对顺性别异性恋女性对跨性别女性实施性暴力。尽管屈服于无处不在的暴力，但参与者对性别认同表现出了韧性。需要综合的社会行为和健康计划来挑战现有的性别不平等，同时为海地的性少数群体和性别少数群体提供人权和减少艾滋病毒风险的培训。
Abstract Studies of sexual and gender minorities in Haiti and globally typically involve HIV research and programming with men who have sex with men. We conducted focus groups with individuals in Haiti’s Cité Soleil slum whose assigned gender at birth matched neither their gender identity nor contextual heteronormative constructions of gender roles, i.e. transwomen and transmen. The Yogyakarta Principles provided the study framework. Focus group participants offered emic perspectives on overall well-being, identities, biopsychosocial strengths and HIV-protective and risk factors. We found that gender expression that conflicts with contextual norms evoked recurring, humiliating and intentionally injurious sexual assaults against participants, heightening their HIV risk; participants endured beatings, shootings, stabbings, stonings and socio-political violence. Lack of confidentiality and stigma hinder participants’ access to scarce HIV resources. Indistinct boundaries between sexuality, gender identity and gender expression merged with traditional gender-based roles to perpetuate sexual violence towards transwomen by cisgender heterosexual men and by transmen towards cisgender heterosexual women. Despite resignation to omnipresent violence, participants showed resilience regarding gender identity. Needed are integrated socio-behavioural and health programmes to challenge existing gender inequities while providing training on human rights and HIV risk reduction for Haitian sexual and gender minorities.