Raiding parties of male spider monkeys: Insights into human warfare?
Raiding parties of male spider monkeys: Insights into human warfare?
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DOI：
10.1002/ajpa.20451
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发表时间：
2006-12-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Ramos-Fernandez, Gabriel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Aureli, Filippo;Schaffner, Colleen M.;Ramos-Fernandez, Gabriel
对邻近领土的袭击可能有不同的原因，包括通过直接或间接地杀死邻近的竞争对手来增加觅食和交配的机会。致命的袭击主要发生在人类和黑猩猩身上，据报道，袭击的雄性会有目的地寻找邻居。在这里，我们报告了有史以来第一次目击到的雄性蜘蛛猴的袭击事件。考虑到它与人类和黑猩猩在关键的社会生态特征上的相似性，比如分裂融合的社会动态和雄性之间的关系，这种物种预计会表现出这种行为倾向。尽管蜘蛛猴的树栖性很高，但所有7个目击的袭击都是雄性蜘蛛猴在地面上排成一列，非常安静地前进。这与黑猩猩的行为非常相似。突袭行动的环境表明，交配机会减少、相对于邻近社区的雄性数量以及雄性之间的联系强度等因素都可能在突袭行动的时机上发挥作用。这些袭击似乎不是为了寻找食物，但有迹象表明它们可能直接或间接地增加繁殖机会。虽然没有观察到杀戮，但我们不能排除蜘蛛猴袭击的目的是伤害对手的可能性，如果遇到一个脆弱的个体。蜘蛛猴的袭击与黑猩猩和人类的相似之处支持了致命袭击是对类似社会生态条件的趋同反应的观点。
Raids into neighboring territories may occur for different reasons, including the increase of foraging and mating opportunities directly or indirectly through the killing of neighboring rivals. Lethal raids have been mainly observed in humans and chimpanzees, with raiding males being reported to search purposefully for neighbors. Here we report on the first cases ever witnessed of raiding parties of male spider monkeys, a species expected to show such a behavioral tendency, given its similarity with humans and chimpanzees in critical socio-ecological characteristics, such as fission-fusion social dynamics and male-male bonding. Despite the high degree of arboreality of spider monkeys, all seven witnessed raids involved the males progressing single file on the ground in unusual silence. This is remarkably similar to the behavior of chimpanzees. The circumstances around the raids suggest that factors such as reduced mating opportunities, number of males relative to that in the neighboring community, and the strength of bonds among males could play a role in the timing of such actions. The raids did not appear to be aimed at finding food, whereas there is some indication that they may directly or indirectly increase reproductive opportunities. Although no killing was observed, we cannot exclude the possibility that spider monkey raids may be aimed at harming rivals if a vulnerable individual were encountered. The similarity of spider monkey raids with those of chimpanzees and humans supports the notion that lethal raiding is a convergent response to similar socio-ecological conditions.