Cool surfaces and shade trees to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas
Cool surfaces and shade trees to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas
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DOI：
10.1016/s0038-092x(00)00089-x
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发表时间：
2001-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Taha, H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Akbari, H;Pomerantz, M;Taha, H
城市“热岛”夏季气温升高，增加了制冷能源的使用，加速了城市烟雾的形成。除城市核心区外，夏季热岛主要是由于缺乏植被和城市表面对太阳辐射的吸收过多而造成的。对美国几个大城市过去100年气温趋势的分析表明，自1940年以来，城市地区气温上升了约0.5-3.0摄氏度。通常，温度每升高 1 摄氏度，城市电力需求就会增加 2-4%。因此，我们估计当前城市电力需求的 5-10% 用于冷却建筑物，以补偿城市气温上升 0.5-3.0 摄氏度。例如，洛杉矶市中心 (L.A.) 现在的气温比 1920 年高 2.5 摄氏度，导致电力需求增加 1500 兆瓦。在洛杉矶，低于 21 摄氏度时不会出现烟雾，但到 32 摄氏度时烟雾就会变得不可接受。由于热岛效应，温度升高会产生重大影响。城市树木和高反照率表面可以抵消或逆转热岛效应。缓解城市热岛效应有可能将全国空调能源使用量减少 20%，每个梨可节省超过 10B 美元的能源使用量并改善城市空气质量。如果在屋顶和道路的日常维护过程中选择高反照率表面来代替深色材料，则可以以最小的成本增加城市的反照率。激励计划、产品标签和标准可以促进高反照率材料在建筑物和道路上的使用。需要为城市树木制定类似的激励计划。由爱思唯尔科学有限公司出版
Elevated summertime temperatures in urban 'heat islands' increase cooling-energy use and accelerate the formation of urban smog. Except in the city's core areas, summer heat islands are created mainly by the lack of vegetation and by rile high solar radiation absorptance by urban surfaces. Analysis of temperature trends for the last 100 years in several large U.S. cities indicate that, since similar to 1940, temperatures in urban areas have increased by about 0.5-3.0 degreesC. Typically, electricity demand in cities increases by 2-4% for each 1 degreesC increase in temperature. Hence, we estimate that 5-10% of the current urban electricity demand is spent to cool buildings just to compensate for the increased 0.5-3.0 degreesC in urban temperatures. Downtown Los Angeles (L.A.), for example, is now 2.5 degreesC warmer than in 1920, leading to an increase in electricity demand of 1500 MW. In L.A., smoggy episodes are absent below about 21 degreesC, but smog becomes unacceptable by 32 degreesC. Because of the heat-island effects, a rise in temperature can have significant impacts. Urban trees and high-albedo surfaces can offset or reverse the heat-island effect. Mitigation of urban heat islands can potentially reduce national energy use in air conditioning by 20% and save over $10B per pear in energy use and improvement in urban air quality. The albedo of a city may be increased at minimal cost if hi,oh-albedo surfaces are chosen to replace darker materials during routine maintenance of roofs and roads. Incentive programs, product labeling, and standards could promote the use of high-albedo materials for buildings and roads. Similar incentive-based programs need to be developed for urban trees. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.