Insights into evolution of multicellular fungi from the assembled chromosomes of the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea (Coprinus cinereus)
Insights into evolution of multicellular fungi from the assembled chromosomes of the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea (Coprinus cinereus)
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从灰盖鬼伞（Coprinus cinereus ，现称Coprinopsis cinerea）的组装染色体解析多细胞真菌的进化
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1003391107
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发表时间：
2010-06-29
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Pukkila, Patricia J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stajich, Jason E.;Wilke, Sarah K.;Pukkila, Patricia J.
蘑菇Coprinopsis cinerea是真菌多细胞发育的经典实验模型，因为它在确定的培养基上生长，在2周内完成其生命周期，产生大约10(8)个同步减数细胞，并且可以通过突变和转化在发育的所有阶段进行操作。对37兆碱基的葡萄球菌基因组进行测序，并将其组装成13条染色体。减数分裂重组率在染色体上变化很大，逆转录转座子在减数分裂重组水平低的基因组大区域不存在。在其他担子菌中，具有可识别同源物的单拷贝基因在染色体的低重组区域占主导地位。相反，在高度重组的区域发现了同源多拷贝基因，包括多细胞真菌特有的蛋白激酶（FunK1）大家族。对P450和疏水酶基因家族的分析证实，局部基因复制驱动旁系拷贝的扩增，并且扩增发生在真菌的独立谱系中。来自微阵列的基因表达模式被用来剖析双核体形成（交配）的转录程序。FunK1激酶家族的几个成员在性形态发生过程中受到差异调节，而相邻复制的协调调节是罕见的。C. cinerea和一种共生担子菌——双色拉卡菌的基因组具有广泛的同源区域。最大的synsynblock发生在减数分裂重组率低、没有转座元件和基因间距紧的区域，在那里同源单拷贝基因被过度代表。灰霉病菌的染色体组合是了解灰霉病菌多细胞进化的重要资源。
The mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea is a classic experimental model for multicellular development in fungi because it grows on defined media, completes its life cycle in 2 weeks, produces some 10(8) synchronized meiocytes, and can be manipulated at all stages in development by mutation and transformation. The 37-megabase genome of C. cinerea was sequenced and assembled into 13 chromosomes. Meiotic recombination rates vary greatly along the chromosomes, and retrotransposons are absent in large regions of the genome with low levels of meiotic recombination. Single-copy genes with identifiable orthologs in other basidiomycetes are predominant in low-recombination regions of the chromosome. In contrast, paralogous multicopy genes are found in the highly recombining regions, including a large family of protein kinases (FunK1) unique to multicellular fungi. Analyses of P450 and hydrophobin gene families confirmed that local gene duplications drive the expansions of paralogous copies and the expansions occur in independent lineages of Agaricomycotina fungi. Gene-expression patterns from microarrays were used to dissect the transcriptional program of dikaryon formation (mating). Several members of the FunK1 kinase family are differentially regulated during sexual morphogenesis, and coordinate regulation of adjacent duplications is rare. The genomes of C. cinerea and Laccaria bicolor, a symbiotic basidiomycete, share extensive regions of synteny. The largest syntenic blocks occur in regions with low meiotic recombination rates, no transposable elements, and tight gene spacing, where orthologous single-copy genes are overrepresented. The chromosome assembly of C. cinerea is an essential resource in understanding the evolution of multicellularity in the fungi.