Getting Religion? The Puzzling Case of Islam and Civil War
Getting Religion? The Puzzling Case of Islam and Civil War
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获得宗教信仰？
作者：
M. Toft
从1940年到2000年，伊斯兰教与其他宗教（如基督教或印度教）相比，卷入了不成比例的大量内战。为了帮助解释伊斯兰教在这些战争中的过度代表性，本文介绍了一种“宗教出价高于”的理论。该理论认为，当四面楚歌的政治精英们认为增加他们的宗教合法性将增加他们的生存机会时，他们将提出宗教投标。结合三个重叠的因素-历史上没有类似于欧洲三十年战争的自相残杀的宗教内战，伊斯兰教最神圣的地点靠近以色列和大量的石油储备，以及圣战（即，伊斯兰教作为一种宗教义务的辩护），宗教的出价高于伊斯兰教的宗教内战中的代表性较高。本文包括宗教在内战中的作用的统计分析和测试的逻辑的论点，宗教出价高于苏丹的两个内战的情况下。
From 1940 to 2000, Islam was involved in a disproportionately high number of civil wars compared with other religions, such as Christianity or Hinduism. To help explain the overrepresentation of Islam in these wars, this article introduces a theory of “religious outbidding.” The theory holds that embattled political elites will tender religious bids when they calculate that increasing their religious legitimacy will strengthen their chances of survival. In combination with three overlapping factors—the historical absence of an internecine religious civil war similar to the Thirty Years’ War in Europe, proximity of Islam's holiest sites to Israel and large petroleum reserves, and jihad (i.e., defense of Islam as a religious obligation), religious outbidding accounts for Islam's higher representation in religious civil wars. The article includes a statistical analysis of the role of religion in civil wars and tests the logic of the argument of religious outbidding in the case of Sudan's two civil wars.