Volcanism and associated hazards: the Andean perspective
Volcanism and associated hazards: the Andean perspective
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火山活动及相关危害：安第斯山脉的视角
DOI：
10.5194/adgeo-22-125-2009
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Tilling
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Tilling
抽象。安第斯火山活动发生在安第斯火山弧（AVA）内，这是纳斯卡板块和南极洲板块俯冲到南美洲板块之下的产物。AVA是地球上最长但不连续的陆缘火山弧，由四个不同的部分组成：北方火山带，中央火山带，南部火山带和南部火山带。这些部分被火山活动不活跃的间隙所分隔，这些间隙被推断为指示俯冲板块的倾角太浅而不利于维持火山活动所需的岩浆生成的区域。安第斯山脉拥有比世界上任何其他火山地区更多的全新世（过去10 000年）活跃的火山，以及巨大的破火山口系统，这些破火山口系统产生了全世界公认的从奥陶纪到更新世发生的47次最大的爆炸性喷发（所谓的“超级喷发”）中的6次。安第斯地区历史上最强大的爆炸性喷发发生在1600年的Huaynaputina火山（秘鲁）。这一事件的喷发量超过11立方公里，其影响范围很广，据报告，远距离的火山灰落在1000公里以外。尽管瓦伊纳普蒂纳火山爆发规模巨大，但由于当时人口密度低，危险过程（火山碎屑流、火山灰、火山地震和火山泥流）造成的人员死亡相对较少。相比之下，由小得多的喷发产生的火山泥流（
Abstract. Andean volcanism occurs within the Andean Volcanic Arc (AVA), which is the product of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctica Plates beneath the South America Plate. The AVA is Earth's longest but discontinuous continental-margin volcanic arc, which consists of four distinct segments: Northern Volcanic Zone, Central Volcanic Zone, Southern Volcanic Zone, and Austral Volcanic Zone. These segments are separated by volcanically inactive gaps that are inferred to indicate regions where the dips of the subducting plates are too shallow to favor the magma generation needed to sustain volcanism. The Andes host more volcanoes that have been active during the Holocene (past 10 000 years) than any other volcanic region in the world, as well as giant caldera systems that have produced 6 of the 47 largest explosive eruptions (so-called "super eruptions") recognized worldwide that have occurred from the Ordovician to the Pleistocene. The Andean region's most powerful historical explosive eruption occurred in 1600 at Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru). The impacts of this event, whose eruptive volume exceeded 11 km3, were widespread, with distal ashfall reported at distances >1000 km away. Despite the huge size of the Huaynaputina eruption, human fatalities from hazardous processes (pyroclastic flows, ashfalls, volcanogenic earthquakes, and lahars) were comparatively small owing to the low population density at the time. In contrast, lahars generated by a much smaller eruption (