Stops and Stares: Street Stops, Surveillance, and Race in the New Policing
Stops and Stares: Street Stops, Surveillance, and Race in the New Policing
复制标题
拦截和凝视：新警务中的街头拦截、监视和竞赛
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
April Pattavina
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Fagan;A. Braga;Rod K. Brunson;April Pattavina
使用主动策略来瓦解犯罪活动，例如特里街拦截和集中轻罪逮捕，对于“新警务”至关重要。该模型应用复杂的指标、强有力的管理以及积极的执法和监视，将警务重点放在高犯罪风险的人员和地点。 “新警务”特有的策略在 20 世纪 90 年代引起了大众、法律、政治和社会科学界对少数群体在日常执法过程中受到差异待遇的担忧。经验证据表明，即使在控制当地社会和犯罪状况的情况下，少数族裔确实比处境相似的白人更频繁地被拦截和逮捕。在本文中，我们研究了“新警务”街头停车分支的独特配置下的种族差异——在波士顿警察局官员的现场审讯（或调查拦截）活动中纳入非接触式观察（或监视）。我们表明，波士顿警察将其现场调查活动的很大一部分集中在两个领域：可疑和实际的帮派成员，以及该市的高犯罪地区。排除犯罪和其他社会因素，少数族裔社区的现场审讯和监视活动水平较高。相对于白人嫌疑人，黑人嫌疑人更有可能受到观察、审讯、搜身或搜查，以了解帮派成员身份和之前的逮捕历史。此外，相对于黑人警察，白人警察进行大量实地调查，更有可能搜查/搜查所有种族的对象。我们通过比较警官与嫌疑人种族对的拦截来区分基于偏好的歧视和统计歧视。如果军官活动与军官种族无关，我们可以推断，少数族裔的不成比例的停止反映了统计歧视。相反，我们表明，如果警官和嫌疑人种族不同，警官似乎更有可能调查、搜身或搜查少数族裔嫌疑人。我们将这些结果归咎于种族定性的更广泛的紧张局势，这种紧张局势在“新警务”中引起了反复出现的社会和宪法问题。
The use of proactive tactics to disrupt criminal activities, such as Terry street stops and concentrated misdemeanor arrests, are essential to the “new policing.” This model applies complex metrics, strong management, and aggressive enforcement and surveillance to focus policing on high crime risk persons and places. The tactics endemic to the “new policing” gave rise in the 1990s to popular, legal, political and social science concerns about disparate treatment of minority groups in their everyday encounters with law enforcement. Empirical evidence showed that minorities were indeed stopped and arrested more frequently than similarly situated whites, even when controlling for local social and crime conditions. In this article, we examine racial disparities under a unique configuration of the street stop prong of the “new policing” – the inclusion of non-contact observations (or surveillances) in the field interrogation (or investigative stop) activity of Boston Police Department officers. We show that Boston Police officers focus significant portions of their field investigation activity in two areas: suspected and actual gang members, and the city’s high crime areas. Minority neighborhoods experience higher levels of field interrogation and surveillance activity net of crime and other social factors. Relative to white suspects, Black suspects are more likely to be observed, interrogated, and frisked or searched controlling for gang membership and prior arrest history. Moreover, relative to their black counterparts, white police officers conduct high numbers of field investigations and are more likely to frisk/search subjects of all races. We distinguish between preference-based and statistical discrimination by comparing stops by officer-suspect racial pairs. If officer activity is independent of officer race, we would infer that disproportionate stops of minorities reflect statistical discrimination. We show instead that officers seem more likely to investigate and frisk or search a minority suspect if officer and suspect race differ. We locate these results in the broader tensions of racial profiling that pose recurring social and constitutional concerns in the “new policing.”
影响因子：
1.9
作者：
Akinola, Modupe;Mendes, Wendy Berry
通讯作者：
Mendes, Wendy Berry