In search of the rules for nerve connections.
In search of the rules for nerve connections.
复制标题
寻找神经连接的规则。
DOI：
10.1016/0092-8674(74)90132-9
复制
发表时间：
1974
期刊：
影响因子：
64.5
通讯作者：
S. Chung
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Chung
1903年4月25日，著名的神经学家亨利·海德爵士（Sir Henry Head）切断了自己手臂上的两条神经，以便在神经再生的过程中恢复皮肤的敏感性。从那时起，人们进行了更多的实验，主要是在两栖动物和金鱼身上，以揭示神经与其靶细胞之间正确连接的形成规则。一个特别有用的系统是再生视神经纤维，它将视网膜中的细胞与大脑中的细胞重新连接起来。在这篇评论中，我将强调一些想法和结果。MQST与该领域密切相关，但是在整个过程中，实验范例和发现被有意地简化，并且避免了专门用于神经生理学的术语。对于学术评论致力于更全面地说明既定的事实，读者可以参考凝视（1970），雅各布森（1970），和Szekely（1966）。历史背景到20世纪30年代，有两个流行的想法，如何再生神经可能重建功能。第一个想法是再生神经与靶细胞或多或少偶然地连接，并且最终通过涉及它们的使用和停用的适应过程建立适当的连接（Holt，1931）。韦斯（Weiss，1936）提出的另一种观点是，尽管再生纤维形成的最初连接确实是偶然的，但有序的功能关系是通过传入细胞和靶细胞之间的生化“信号”机制建立的;后者会影响传入神经，使它们重新调整或“调节”其中枢连接，以便只传递适当的信息。在这种背景下，斯佩里（Sperry，1943，1944）进行了一系列实验，在这些实验中，青蛙（或蝾螈）的眼睛在切断视神经后被旋转。几周后，视神经纤维重新生长，并与顶盖（大脑中负责协调感觉和运动活动的部分）的神经元建立了联系。当一个诱饵出现在旋转的眼睛的视野内时，动物在空中朝着远离视觉刺激的方向快速移动，并且再也没有重新学习过正常的视觉。从这些观察，斯佩里认为，连接是-
Experimental studies on the formation of nerve connections properly began on April 25, 1903, when Sir Henry Head, the celebrated neurologist, had two nerves in his own arm cut so that he could experience the return of skin sensitivity as the nerves regenerated (Head, Rivers, and Sherren, 1905). Since that time, more prosaic but equally productive experiments have been carried out, mainly on amphibia and goldfish, to unravel the rules governing the formation of correct connections between nerves and their target cells. One particularly useful system has been the regenerating optic nerve fibers, which reconnect cells in the retina to those in the brain. In this review, I shall highlight some of the ideas and results which have been. mqst germane in this field-but throughout, experimental paradigms and findings have been intentionally simplified, and terminology which is particular to neurophysiology is avoided. For scholarly reviews devoted to a fuller account of established facts, the reader is referred to Gaze (1970), Jacobson (1970), and Szekely (1966).Historical Background By the 1930s there were two prevailing ideas as to how regenerating nerves might reestablish function. The first idea was that regenerating nerves connect with target cells more or less haphazardly, and the appropriate connections are ultimately established through adaptive processes involving their use and disuse (Holt, 1931). An alternative notion, advanced by Weiss (1936), was that, although the initial connections formed by regenerating fibers are indeed haphazard, orderly functional relations are established by a biochemical“signalling” mechanism between the incoming and target cells; the latter would influence the incoming nerves in such a way that they would readjust or “modulate” their central connections so that only appropriate messages are transmitted. Against this background, Sperry (1943, 1944) conducted a series of experiments in which the eyes of frogs (or newts) were rotated after cutting their optic nerves. After a few weeks, optic nerve fibers grew back and made connections with neurons in the tectum (the part of the brain concerned with coordinating sensory and motor activity). When a lure was presented within the visual field of the rotated eye, the animals snapped in the air in a direction away from the visual stimulus, and normal vision was never relearned. From these observations, Sperry argued that the connections be-