The effects of saltmarsh conservation grazing on breeding common redshank, Tringa totanus

The effects of saltmarsh conservation grazing on breeding common redshank, Tringa totanus
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盐沼保护性放牧对红脚鹬繁殖的影响

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发表时间：
2015
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通讯作者：
Elwyn Sharps
Elwyn Sharps
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作者：
Elwyn Sharps

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英国盐沼地区的普通红脚鹬Tringa totanus繁殖种群 自1985年以来减少了50%以上，与放牧变化有关 管理保护倡议鼓励低强度放牧< 1 牛ha-1，但红胫继续下降。这项研究调查了 放牧强度对红脚鹬巢穴生存的影响，以及保护管理如何 降低鸟巢死亡率。这是研究：（a）记录巢生存，虽然 监测不同牲畜密度的盐沼上的单个巢穴， (b)描述这些巢穴的植被特征，（c）量化空间和时间 GPS记录牛的巢践踏概率的变化，以及（d）比较巢 在盐沼生存与替代保护管理。两个巢 践踏和捕食风险随着牛密度的增加而增加，在1头牛时几乎达到100 ha-1。捕食风险可能会更高的放牧沼泽，因为植被高度在 在最高放牧强度下，巢减少到仅11 cm。GPS记录显示 牲畜集中放牧，因此践踏，在大多数地区， 在繁殖季节繁殖红脚鹬的重要性。大规模 比较表明，成年牛放牧导致更高的巢生存比 割草或不管理，但与年轻的牛放牧导致99%的风险， 的践踏。因此，这些结果表明，即使< 1头牛ha-1的放牧也会减少 红脚鹬巢的存活率接近于零，直接靠践踏，间接靠增加 通过降低植被高度进行捕食。放牧的保护效益 可以通过减少牲畜密度、用成年牛放牧或 增加盐沼上的饮水槽， 把牲畜从红脚鹬的繁殖区赶走需要进一步研究 限制牲畜进入红脚鹬的轮牧制度的潜在作用 栖息地在筑巢季节。
The Common Redshank Tringa totanus breeding population on British saltmarshes has reduced by > 50% since 1985, with declines linked to changes in grazing management. Conservation initiatives have encouraged low-intensity grazing of < 1 cattle ha-1 but Redshank have continued to decline. This study investigated effects of grazing intensity on Redshank nest survival, and how conservation management can reduce nest mortality. This was studied by: (a) recording nest survival though monitoring of individual nests on saltmarshes subject to different livestock densities, (b) characterising vegetation at these nests, (c) quantifying spatial and temporal variation in nest trampling probability by GPS logging cattle, and (d) comparing nest survival on saltmarshes with alternative conservation management. Both nest trampling and predation risk increased with cattle density to almost 100% at 1 cattle ha-1. Predation risk may be higher on grazed marshes because vegetation height at nests decreased to only 11cm at the highest grazing intensities. GPS logging showed that livestock concentrate their grazing, and therefore trampling, in the areas of most importance for breeding Redshank during the breeding season. A large scale comparison showed that grazing with adult cattle resulted in higher nest survival than mowing or no management, but that grazing with young cattle resulted in a 99% risk of trampling. These results therefore show that even < 1 cattle ha-1 grazing can reduce Redshank nest survival to near zero, directly by trampling and indirectly by increasing predation through reducing vegetation height. The conservation benefits of grazing may be increased by reducing livestock densities, grazing with adult cattle, or by increasing the number of drinking troughs spread across the saltmarsh as this could move livestock away from Redshank breeding areas. Further research is needed into the potential role of rotational grazing systems that limit livestock access to Redshank habitat during the nesting season.