Stressors, stress, and neuroendocrine integration of the adaptive response - The 1997 Hans Selye Memorial Lecture
Stressors, stress, and neuroendocrine integration of the adaptive response - The 1997 Hans Selye Memorial Lecture
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09006.x
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发表时间：
1998-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Chrousos, GP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chrousos, GP
尽管压力研究取得了显著进展，但在20世纪90年代，关于压力是什么的困惑仍在继续。因此，简要地提到与压力相关的四个关键概念的定义可能是有益的：稳态、压力源、压力和适应性反应。生命通过维持复杂的动态平衡或体内平衡而存在，这种平衡不断受到内在或外在不利力量或压力源的挑战。因此，应激被定义为体内平衡受到威胁的一种状态，这种状态是由生物体的一系列复杂的生理和行为适应性反应重新建立起来的。适应性反应可能不足以重建体内平衡或过度和延长；在这两种情况下，没有达到健康的稳定状态，就可能出现病理。有了这些简单的定义，压力、压力源和适应性反应这些术语的频繁交替使用将有望避免。本文综述了应激适应性反应的神经内分泌基础设施及其对行为、主要内分泌轴、胃肠道和免疫系统的协同作用。并讨论了在各种生理和病理生理状态下适应性反应的改变或失调。这些可能会影响一个人的生长发育，并可能确定这个人对内分泌/代谢/心血管、精神或免疫疾病的易感性，并伴有短期或长期的负面行为或身体后遗症。为了避免过多的引用，几篇包含许多原始参考文献的评论文章被包括在内。
Despite marked advances in stress research, confusion as to what stress is continues in the 1990s. Thus, it may be of benefit to briefly mention the definitions of four key concepts related to stress: those of homeostasis, stressor, stress, and adaptive response. 1 Life exists by maintaining a complex dynamic equilibrium, or homeostasis, that is constantly challenged by intrinsic or extrinsic adverse forces or stressors. Stress is, thus, defined as a state of threatened homeostasis, which is reestablished by a complex repertoire of physiologic and behavioral adaptive responses of the organism. The adaptive responses may be inadequate for the reestablishment of homeostasis or excessive and prolonged; in either case a healthy steady state is not attained, and pathology may ensue. With these straightforward definitions, the frequently interchangable use of the terms stress, stressor, and adaptive response will hopefully be avoided.This review focuses on the neuroendocrine infrastructure of the adaptive response to stress and on its concerted effects on behavior, the major endocrine axes, and the gastrointestinal and immune systems. It also discusses the altered regulation or dysregulation of the adaptive responses in various physiologic and pathophysiologic states. These may influence the growth and development of an individual and may define the vulnerability of this individual to endocrine/metabolic/cardiovascular, psychiatric, or immunological disease, with their negative short-or long-term behavioral or physical sequelae. To avoid extensive referencing, several review articles containing many of the original references are included.