Rapid fast-mapping abilities in 2-year-olds
Rapid fast-mapping abilities in 2-year-olds
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jecp.2010.10.013
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发表时间：
2011-05-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Halberda, Justin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Spiegel, Chad;Halberda, Justin
学习一个新单词包括两个主要任务，这两个任务经常被合并为一个过程：指称选择，在这个过程中，孩子必须确定一个新标签的正确指称，以及指称保留，这是将这个新形成的标签-对象映射存储在记忆中以备将来使用的能力。此外，儿童必须能够快速和重复地执行这些任务，因为他们在自然对话过程中经常接触到新的单词。在这里，我们使用了一个优先指向任务，调查2岁儿童（N = 72）的能力，推断一个新名词的所指从一个单一的模糊曝光和他们的能力，保持这种映射随着时间的推移。孩子们被要求确定一个新的标签的参考六个关键的审判分布在整个过程中的10分钟的研究，涉及许多熟悉和新颖的对象。在这些关键试验中，已知物体和新物体的图像（例如，一个球和一个在实验室里制造的无名物品）出现在两个电脑屏幕上，一个声音要求孩子们“指向-[例如，[2004年]。“在标签开始之后，孩子们只被允许3秒，在此期间推断正确的所指对象，指向它，并可能存储这个新的单词-对象映射。在最后的后测试验中，所有先前标记的新物体都出现了，孩子们被要求指出其中一个（例如，“你能找到那块石头吗？").为了成功，孩子们需要在最初正确地映射新标签，并在研究过程中保留这些映射。尽管当前任务的困难要求，儿童成功地确定了保留试验的目标对象。我们的结论是，2岁的孩子能够快速地图的新名词在一个简短的单次曝光模糊的标签条件下。(C)2010年爱思唯尔公司All rights reserved.
Learning a new word consists of two primary tasks that have often been conflated into a single process: referent selection, in which a child must determine the correct referent of a novel label, and referent retention, which is the ability to store this newly formed label-object mapping in memory for later use. In addition, children must be capable of performing these tasks rapidly and repeatedly as they are frequently exposed to novel words during the course of natural conversation. Here we used a preferential pointing task to investigate 2-year-olds' (N = 72) ability to infer the referent of a novel noun from a single ambiguous exposure and their ability to retain this mapping over time. Children were asked to identify the referent of a novel label on six critical trials distributed throughout the course of a 10-min study involving many familiar and novel objects. On these critical trials, images of a known object and a novel object (e.g., a ball and a nameless artifact constructed in the laboratory) appeared on two computer screens and a voice asked children to "point at the-[eg., glark]." Following label onset, children were allowed only 3 s during which to infer the correct referent, point at it, and potentially store this new word-object mapping. In a final posttest trial, all previously labeled novel objects appeared and children were asked to point to one of them (e.g., "Can you find the glark?"). To succeed, children needed to have initially mapped the novel labels correctly and retained these mappings over the course of the study. Despite the difficult demands of the current task, children successfully identified the target object on the retention trial. We conclude that 2-year-olds are able to fast map novel nouns during a brief single exposure under ambiguous labeling conditions. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.