DIFFERENTIATION OF TYPES OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUSES .1. REINFECTION EXPERIMENTS IN MONKEYS (2ND ATTACKS)
DIFFERENTIATION OF TYPES OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUSES .1. REINFECTION EXPERIMENTS IN MONKEYS (2ND ATTACKS)
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DOI：
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119271
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发表时间：
1949-01-01
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
BODIAN, D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
BODIAN, D
这些研究涉及脊髓灰质炎二次发作这一重要问题，特别是涉及猴子的情况。显然，很难获得两次脊髓灰质炎发作的确凿证据，因为在第一次发作时，从中枢神经系统分离病毒是不可行的。然而，在对照受到影响时发生的严重瘫痪的典型临床情况是非常令人信服的证据。以下诊断标准被用来定义第一次瘫痪发作：-明确的瘫痪，通常在发烧、痉挛和颤抖之前。大约两周后瘫痪肌肉开始萎缩。至少一个极端的萎缩持续。与第一次发作的年龄相对应的病变最终通过组织病理学检查得到确认。以下诊断标准被用来定义第二次瘫痪发作：-瘫痪。最近的病变被组织学确定。前根沃勒变性，细胞核明显增多，提示发病时间提前3-4周。从脊髓分离出病毒。在再感染实验中，获得了以下重要结果，其中第一次和第二次发作的发生标准如上所示。同源病毒不会产生第二次攻击，即使在大脑给予高达10,000个PD50的剂量时也是如此。当使用属于相同免疫类型的病毒时，也会导致完全失败。这种效应是互惠的。第二次攻击很容易通过接种明显不同类型的病毒而产生。兰辛病毒代表一种类型，布伦希尔德病毒、科特病毒和弗雷德里克病毒代表另一种类型。但异型疫苗的二次接种率始终明显低于正常对照，说明部分猕猴对异型病毒有明显的保护作用。两次接种间隔1~5个月，二次发病率无显著差异。然而，如果第二次接种是在疾病的前两周进行的，第二次发作是不寻常的。与第一次攻击相对较轻的动物相比，在第一次攻击中严重瘫痪的动物群体的第二次发病率明显较低。第二次发作的严重程度远远低于正常对照组中由相同病毒引起的疾病。严重程度的降低与第一次攻击的严重程度成正比。将这些结果应用于人类疾病，人们可能会得出结论，第二次袭击很可能是接触到一种免疫上与第一次感染不同的菌株的结果。
These studies relate to the important problem of second attacks of poliomyelitis, with particular reference to the picture in monkeys. It is plain that conclusive evidence of two attacks of poliomyelitis is difficult to obtain, as virus isolation from the central nervous system is not practicable at the time of the first attack. However, the typical clinical picture, with severe paralysis, occurring at the time when controls are affected, is very convincing evidence. The following diagnostic criteria were used to define the first paralytic attack: -Definite paralysis, usually preceded by fever, spasticity, and tremor.The onset of atrophy in paralyzed muscles after about 2 weeks.The persistence of atrophy in at least one extremity.Lesions corresponding in age to the time of the first attack were confirmed finally by histopathological examination.The following diagnostic criteria were used to define the second paralytic attack: -Paralysis.Recent lesions as determined histologically. The presence of Wallerian degeneration of the anterior roots, with a marked increase in nuclei, points to an attack 3-4 weeks earlier.Isolation of virus from the cord.The following important results have been obtained in re-infection experiments, in which the criteria of the occurrence of first and second attacks are as given above.1. Second attacks could not be produced with homologous virus, even when doses as large as 10, 000 PD50 were given cerebrally. Complete failure also resulted when viruses belonging to the same immunological type were used. This effect was reciprocal.2. Second attacks were readily produced by inoculations with viruses of apparently different type. The Lansing virus represented one type, and the Brunhilde, Kotter, and Frederick viruses the other.3. However, the second attack rate with heterotypic inoculation was always significantly less than the normal control attack rate, so that obviously some monkeys were protected against the heterotypic virus.4. The second attack rate was not significantly different when the interval between the two inoculations varied from 1 to 5 months. However, if the second inoculation was made during the first 2 weeks of the disease, second attacks were unusual.5. The second attack rate was clearly lower in groups of animals severely paralyzed in the first attack as compared with animals which had a relatively mild first attack.6. Second attacks were much less severe than the disease produced by the same virus in normal controls. Reduction in severity was proportional to severity of first attack.7. Applying these results to the human disease, one may conclude that second attacks are probably the result of exposure to a strain immunologically distinct 'from that which produced the first infection.A. J. Rhodes.