Picobirnaviruses: prevalence, genetic diversity, detection methods.
Picobirnaviruses: prevalence, genetic diversity, detection methods.
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微小核糖核酸病毒：流行、遗传多样性、检测方法。
DOI：
10.18699/vj20.660
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发表时间：
2020-10
影响因子：
0.9
通讯作者：
Novikova NA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kashnikov AY;Epifanova NV;Novikova NA
本文概述了小核糖核酸病毒 (PBV) 的流行情况、遗传多样性和检测方法，小核糖核酸病毒是一种小型无包膜二十面体病毒，具有分段双链 RNA 基因组，由两个在分类学上与小核糖核酸病毒科小核糖核酸病毒属相关的片段组成。这篇对 1988 年至 2019 年发表的科学论文的综述提供了 PBV 在自然界中的分布和广泛的宿主范围的数据。 PBV 感染的特点是机会性感染，强调对 PBV 在腹泻中的病因学作用缺乏了解，因为这些病毒在有症状和无症状病例中均可检测到。 PBV 感染的概念被认为是一种由病毒在宿主体内长期存在而引起的慢性疾病。 PBV原发感染时的应激综合征、生理状况、免疫状态和宿主年龄等因素影响人类和动物的病毒检出率。人类 PBV 感染可能具有人畜共患的性质，这是由于感染同一宿主的不同病毒的基因组片段在进化过程中获得了种间 PBV 传播的能力。数据提供了 PBV 属于真核生物的证据，并提出了一个具有挑战性的假设，表明 PBV 是细菌病毒。强调需要加强 PBV 检测工作，因为它们分布广泛，尽管由于缺乏培养系统而变得复杂。考虑了 RT-PCR 作为主要 PBV 检测方法的两种策略。对从不同宿主分离的属的个体代表的基因组进行了表征。重点是开发具有更广泛特异性的引物的可行性，以扩大 PBV 属可识别代表的范围，因为它们的基因型多种多样。强调了有效监测 PBV 患病率对于利用宏基因组分析研究人畜共患和人畜共患潜力的重要性，以及使用 PBV 作为环境监测标记的可能性。
This article presents a general overview of the prevalence, genetic diversity and detection methods of picobirnaviruses (PBVs), which are small, non-enveloped icosahedral viruses with a segmented double-stranded RNA genome consisting of two segments taxonomically related to the genus Picobirnavirus of the family Picobirnaviridae. This review of scientific papers published in 1988–2019 provides data on the PBV distribution in the nature and a broad host range. PBV infection is characterized as opportunistic, the lack of understanding of the etiological role of PBVs in diarrhea is emphasized, since these viruses are detected both in symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. The concept of PBV infection as a chronic disease caused by a long-lasting persistence of the virus in the host is considered. Such factors as stress syndrome, physiological conditions, immune status and host age at the time of primary PBV infection influence the virus detection rate in humans and animals. The possible zoonotic nature of human PBV infection is noted due to the capacity for interspecies PBV transmission acquired during evolution as a result of the reassortment of the genome segments of different viruses infecting the same host. Data providing evidence that PBVs belong to eukaryotes and a challenging hypothesis stating that PBVs are bacterial viruses are presented. The need to intensify work on PBV detection because of their wide distribution, despite the complexity due to the lack of the cultivation system, is emphasized. Two strategies of RT-PCR as main PBV detection methods are considered. The genomes of individual representatives of the genus isolated from different hosts are characterized. Emphasis is placed on the feasibility of developing primers with broader specificity for expanding the range of identifiable representatives of the genus PBV due to a huge variety of their genotypes. The importance of effective monitoring of PBV prevalence for studying the zoonotic and anthroponotic potential using metagenomic analysis is highlighted, and so is the possibility of using PBV as a marker for environmental monitoring.