What the locus of brain lesion tells us about the nature of the cognitive defect underlying category-specific disorders: A review
What the locus of brain lesion tells us about the nature of the cognitive defect underlying category-specific disorders: A review
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DOI：
10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70537-9
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发表时间：
2000-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Gainotti, G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gainotti, G
人们提出了不同的模型来解释生物和非生物的类别特异性障碍背后的认知缺陷的性质。一个模型假设，生物/非生物的区别是一个更基本的二分法的副产品，视乎不同的权重，视觉感知和功能属性在这些类别的成员识别。第二种模型认为，进化压力导致了生物（动物和植物）和非生物（人工制品）领域的专用神经机制的精心设计。第三个模型提出，生物和非生物的感知和功能特征之间存在的不同程度的相互联系可能比这些特征的权重更重要，这些模型中的每一个都对引发类别特异性疾病的大脑病变的程度和定位做出了隐含的假设。然而，也必须考虑到，这些障碍是异质性的性质，导致位于语义，词汇或视觉水平的缺陷。在目前的文献综述中，我们在试图分析活体和非活体疾病的神经解剖学相关性时，始终牢记这一区别。我们的研究结果表明，病变部位与分类损害的类型之间存在相关性：（a）在对生物的分类特异性语义损害的患者中，发现双侧颞叶前内侧和下部的损伤;（B）颞-颞下内侧部分的病变，在一组患者中发现左半球的枕叶区域显示出对“植物”类别成员的特定词汇障碍;（c）在对人为伪影有类别特异性语义障碍的患者中，发现左半球背外侧凸面区域的广泛病变。综上所述，这些结果似乎表明，类别特异性障碍与受损区域处理的语义信息类型密切相关。
Different models have been proposed to account for the nature of the cognitive defects underlying category-specific disorders for living and non-living things. One model assumes that the living/non-living distinction is the by-product of a more basic dichotomy, contingent upon the different weighting that visuo-perceptual and functional attributes have in the identification of members of these categories. A second model submits that evolutionary pressure resulted in the elaboration of dedicated neural mechanisms for the domains of living (animals and plants) and non-living (artefacts) things. A third model proposes that the different level of interconnections existing between perceptual and functional features in living and non living things may be more important than the weighting of these features.Each of these models makes implicit assumptions about the extent and the localization of brain lesions provoking category-specific disorders. However, it must also be considered that these disorders are heterogeneous in nature, resulting from defects located at the semantic, lexical or visual level. In the present review of the literature, we kept this distinction in mind in trying to analyze the neuroanatomical correlates of living and nonliving disorders. Our findings showed that there is a correlation between the locus of lesion and the patterns of categorical impairment: (a) a bilateral injury to the antero-mesial and inferior parts of the temporal lobes was found in patients with a category-specific semantic impairment for living things; (b) a lesion of the infero-mesial parts of the temporo-occipital areas of the left hemisphere was found in a group of patients showing a specific lexical impairment for members of the 'plants' category; (c) an extensive lesion of the areas lying on the dorso-lateral convexity of the left hemisphere was found in patients with a category-specific semantic impairment for man-made artefacts. Taken together, these results seem to show that the category-specific disorder is crucially related to the kind of semantic information processed by the damaged areas.