Social Hierarchy: The Self-Reinforcing Nature of Power and Status
Social Hierarchy: The Self-Reinforcing Nature of Power and Status
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DOI：
10.1080/19416520802211628
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发表时间：
2008-01-01
影响因子：
21.2
通讯作者：
Galinsky, Adam D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Magee, Joe C.;Galinsky, Adam D.
层级是组织的一个普遍特征，它的形式和基本功能在组织研究中往往被视为理所当然。在这篇评论中，我们重新审视了一些基本的心理学和社会学因素的等级，并认为地位和权力是两个重要的，但不同的基础的等级分化。我们首先定义权力和地位，并将我们的定义与以前的概念化区分开来。然后，我们整合了一些不同的文献来解释为什么地位和权力等级往往是自我强化的。权力，与一个人对有价值的资源的控制有关，改变了个人的心理，使得有权势的人以导致权力的保留和获得的方式思考和行动。地位，与一个人在他人眼中的尊重有关，产生了对行为和晋升机会的期望，这些期望有利于那些具有先前地位优势的人。我们还探讨了层次增强的信仰系统在稳定层次结构中发挥的作用，无论是从自下而上还是从自上而下。最后，我们解决了一些因素，我们认为是有助于解释的条件下，层次结构的变化。我们的框架提出了一些途径，为未来的研究基础上，原因和后果的层次结构的团体和组织。
Hierarchy is such a defining and pervasive feature of organizations that its forms and basic functions are often taken for granted in organizational research. In this review, we revisit some basic psychological and sociological elements of hierarchy and argue that status and power are two important yet distinct bases of hierarchical differentiation. We first define power and status and distinguish our definitions from previous conceptualizations. We then integrate a number of different literatures to explain why status and power hierarchies tend to be self-reinforcing. Power, related to one's control over valued resources, transforms individual psychology such that the powerful think and act in ways that lead to the retention and acquisition of power. Status, related to the respect one has in the eyes of others, generates expectations for behavior and opportunities for advancement that favor those with a prior status advantage. We also explore the role that hierarchy-enhancing belief systems play in stabilizing hierarchy, both from the bottom up and from the top down. Finally, we address a number of factors that we think are instrumental in explaining the conditions under which hierarchies change. Our framework suggests a number of avenues for future research on the bases, causes, and consequences of hierarchy in groups and organizations.