Estimated human health risks from exposure to recreational waters impacted by human and non-human sources of faecal contamination
Estimated human health risks from exposure to recreational waters impacted by human and non-human sources of faecal contamination
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DOI：
10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.049
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发表时间：
2010-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
12.8
通讯作者：
Ashbolt, Nicholas J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Soller, Jeffrey A.;Schoen, Mary E.;Ashbolt, Nicholas J.
进行这项工作是为了确定暴露于受海鸥、鸡、猪或牛粪便污染的娱乐水域后的估计风险是否与受人类来源（如处理过的废水）影响的水域相关的风险有本质上的不同。以前发表的定量微生物风险评估（QMRA）方法被采用和扩展以满足这些目标。分析中使用的健康结果是在娱乐期间通过摄入参考水传播病原体感染和随后的胃肠道疾病。在美国规定的35 cfu 100 mL（-1）肠球菌和126 cfu 100 mL（-1）大肠杆菌的限制下，计算暴露于受粪便污染的娱乐用水中这些病原体的疾病风险。使用文献和蒙特卡罗模拟的病原体剂量-反应关系计算胃肠道疾病的概率。模拟了三种情景，代表了对现有数据的一系列可行解释。研究结果表明：1)受新鲜牛粪影响的游憩水域与受人类污染的游憩水域的胃肠道疾病风险可能没有本质差异；2)暴露于受新鲜海鸥、鸡或猪粪便影响的休闲水域的风险明显低于受人类粪便影响的水域。这些结果表明，未来可能需要仔细考虑不受人为影响的游憩水域的管理。(C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd.版权所有。
This work was conducted to determine whether estimated risks following exposure to recreational waters impacted by gull, chicken, pig, or cattle faecal contamination are substantially different than those associated with waters impacted by human sources such as treated wastewater. Previously published Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) methods were employed and extended to meet these objectives. Health outcomes used in the analyses were infection from reference waterborne pathogens via ingestion during recreation and subsequent gastrointestinal (GI) illness. Illness risks from these pathogens were calculated for exposure to faecally contaminated recreational water at the U.S. regulatory limits of 35 cfu 100 mL(-1) enterococci and 126 cfu 100 mL(-1) Escherichia coli. The probabilities of GI illness were calculated using pathogen dose-response relationships from the literature and Monte Carlo simulations. Three scenarios were simulated, representing a range of feasible interpretations of the available data. The primary findings are that: 1) GI illness risks associated with exposure to recreational waters impacted by fresh cattle faeces may not be substantially different from waters impacted by human sources; and 2) the risks associated with exposure to recreational waters impacted by fresh gull, chicken, or pig faeces appear substantially lower than waters impacted by human sources. These results suggest that careful consideration may be needed in the future for the management of recreational waters not impacted by human sources. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.