Environmentally responsible development of nanotechnology
Environmentally responsible development of nanotechnology
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DOI：
10.1021/es053199u
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发表时间：
2005-03-01
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Roco, MC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Roco, MC
技术进步可以提高生活质量，但也会引起社会关注。纳米技术在物质的基础上运行，在生命和人类系统的第一级组织中发挥作用。潜在的好处很大，但感知到的风险也很大，必须尽早解决。此外，每个人都必须参与——而不仅仅是少数国家的科学家。为了实现最公平的结果并解决纳米技术如何影响其他技术以及人类，政府机构必须审查如何分配研究资金、如何投资基础设施、采取哪些安全措施以及如何促进国际信息交流。在美国，国家纳米技术倡议（NNI）与专业界密切合作，采取了积极主动的方法。例如，2000 年，美国国家科学基金会 (NSF) 发表了一份关于纳米科学和纳米技术的社会影响的报告，比其他研究组织和媒体确定其环境、健康、安全 (EHS) 和社会影响早了两年 (1)。自 2000 年 7 月以来，美国国家科学基金会 (NSF) 就纳米级过程对环境和社会影响进行了项目征集。1999 年制定的 10 年纳米技术愿景重点关注该技术的广泛影响，并呼吁提出研究和教育提案 (2)。 2000年，白宫成立了NNI。 2003 年，NNI 参与者组织了研讨会，讨论环境 (3, 4)、纳米生物技术 (5) 和社会影响 (6)。 2004年12月，纳米科学、工程和技术（NSET）发布了2006-2010财年（FY）NNI战略计划（7），其中环境科学和技术得到了很好的体现（见下页的方框）。 NNI 与多个工业部门组织了咨询委员会来解决 EHS 问题。其他论文概述了公众的态度并记录了纳米技术的意外后果 (8-10)。 2003 年，其他国家也加入其中，包括欧洲共同体和台湾。 2003年和2004年，德国VDI Technologiezentrum发表了相关报告（11）；欧盟委员会(12)；英国皇家学会 (13)；绿色和平组织 (14)；侵蚀、技术和集中行动小组（15）； Swiss Re，来自保险业（16）；以及子午线研究所与 NSF 的合作 (17)。
Technological progress can enhance the quality of life, but it also can raise societal concerns. Nanotechnology operates at the very foundation of matter, at the first level of organization for both living and anthropogenic systems. The potential benefits are large—but so are the perceived risks, which must be addressed early. Moreover, everyone must be involved—not just scientists from a few countries. To realize the most equitable results and to address how nanotechnology may affect other technologies as well as people, government agencies must examine how research funds are distributed, how to invest in infrastructure, what safety measures to take, and how to promote international exchanges ofinformation. In the United States, the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), in close collaboration with the professional community, has taken a proactive approach. In 2000, for example, the National Science Foundation (NSF) published a report on the societal implications of nanoscience and nanotechnology~ 2 years before other research organizations and the media identified their environmental, health, safety (EHS), and societal impacts (1). The NSF has had program solicitations for nanoscale processes in the environment and societal implications since July 2000. The 10-year nanotechnology vision prepared in 1999 focused on the technology’s broad implications and called for research and education proposals (2). In 2000, the White House established NNI. In 2003, NNI participants organized workshops that addressed the environment (3, 4), nanobiotechnology (5), and societal implications (6). In December 2004, Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology (NSET) published the NNI Strategic Plan for fiscal years (FY) 2006–2010 (7), during which environmental science and technology are well represented (see box on next page). NNI organized consultative boards with several industrial sectors to address EHS issues. Additional papers outlined public attitudes and documented unexpected consequences of nanotechnology (8–10). Other countries became involved in 2003, including the European community and Taiwan. In 2003 and 2004, relevant reports were published by VDI Technologiezentrum in Germany (11); the European Commission (12); the Royal Society in the United Kingdom (13); Greenpeace (14); the Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration (15); Swiss Re, from the insurance industry (16); and the Meridian Institute in conjunction with NSF (17).