Developing Concepts of Ordinary and Extraordinary Communication
Developing Concepts of Ordinary and Extraordinary Communication
复制标题
DOI：
10.1037/dev0000061
复制
发表时间：
2016-01-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Wellman, Henry M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lane, Jonathan D.;Evans, E. Margaret;Wellman, Henry M.
我们考察了对普通和非凡交流的理解是如何发展起来的。三到十岁的儿童和成年人(N=183)被给予场景，其中主人公希望从人类(他们的父母)或上帝那里得到帮助。主人公是大声(通过请求)还是默默(通过希望)表达他们的愿望，(对于人类的情况)父母是在附近还是很远，(对于上帝的情况)主人公是通过普通的方式(请求或希望)还是更特殊的方式(祈祷)表达他们的愿望。在每个场景之后，参与者被问到接受者(父母或上帝)是否知道主人公的愿望。3到4岁的孩子都知道，声音大小和距离都限制了人类交流的有效性，他们报告说，当人们大声或就近表达欲望时，很可能会意识到这些欲望。同样，到了这个年龄段，孩子们报告说，上帝比人类更容易意识到欲望，但所有年龄段的孩子都经常报告，上帝(像人类一样)会更清楚地(而不是默默地)表达出来的欲望。这些关于普通和非凡交流的概念在童年中期继续得到提炼。儿童在标准心理理论任务中的表现和参与者的宗教背景预测了他们是否将意识归因于上帝。
We examine how understandings of ordinary and extraordinary communication develop. Three-to 10-year-old children and adults (N = 183) were given scenarios in which a protagonist wanted help from a human (their parent) or from God. Scenarios varied in whether protagonists expressed their desires aloud (by asking) or silently (by hoping), whether (for human scenarios) parents were nearby or far away, and whether (for God scenarios) protagonists expressed desires through ordinary means (asking or hoping) or more extraordinary means (praying). Following each scenario, participants were asked whether the recipient (either the parent or God) was aware of the protagonist's desire. Children as young as 3 to 4 years old understood that both loudness and distance limit the effectiveness of human communication, reporting that humans would most likely be aware of desires when they were expressed both aloud and nearby. As well, by this age children reported that God would more often be aware of desires than would humans, but children of all ages often reported that God (like humans) would be more aware of desires expressed aloud (rather than silently). These concepts of ordinary and extraordinary communication continued to be refined through middle childhood. Children's performance on standard theory-of-mind tasks and participants' religious background predicted whether they attributed awareness to God.