Aeroparticles, Composition, and Lung Diseases.
Aeroparticles, Composition, and Lung Diseases.
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机动粒子，组成和肺部疾病。
DOI：
10.3389/fimmu.2016.00003
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
Segura-Medina P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Falcon-Rodriguez CI;Osornio-Vargas AR;Sada-Ovalle I;Segura-Medina P
城市空气污染因其对人类健康的影响而成为一个严重的世界性问题。在过去的60年里，越来越多的证据表明，接触空气污染物与发生严重呼吸道疾病之间存在相关性。近年来，人们对颗粒物的历史背景、理化特性及其病理作用等方面的研究日益引起人们的关注。因此，本文主要从这几个方面进行综述。最著名的空气污染灾难发生在1952年12月的伦敦；据计算，在这次事件中有4 000多人死亡。空气污染是气体和微粒的复杂混合。气体污染物扩散到肺泡深处，使其通过血液-空气屏障扩散到几个器官。同时，PM是悬浮在空气中的固体或液体颗粒的混合物。根据颗粒物的大小，颗粒物在呼吸道的沉积水平不同：粗颗粒物（PM10）可在上呼吸道积聚，细颗粒物（PM2.5）可在肺实质积聚，诱发多种呼吸系统疾病。除了大小之外，PM的组成与临床和流行病学以及体内和体外动物和人类研究的不同毒理学结果有关。PM可以由有机、无机和生物化合物组成。所有这些化合物都能够改变几种生物活性，包括细胞因子产生、凝血因子平衡、肺功能、呼吸症状和心功能的改变。它也可以在通过气道的过程中产生不同的修饰，如炎症细胞的募集，释放细胞因子和活性氧（ROS）。这些炎症介质可以激活不同的途径，如MAP激酶、NF-κB和Stat-1，或诱导DNA加合物。所有这些改变都可以介导阻塞性或限制性呼吸系统疾病，如哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病、肺纤维化，甚至癌症。2013年，IARC根据所有关于空气污染影响的研究数据，将室外空气污染列为第一类。因此，了解PM成分如何产生几种肺部病变是很重要的。
Urban air pollution is a serious worldwide problem due to its impact on human health. In the past 60 years, growing evidence established a correlation between exposure to air pollutants and the developing of severe respiratory diseases. Recently particulate matter (PM) is drawing more public attention to various aspects including historical backgrounds, physicochemical characteristics, and its pathological role. Therefore, this review is focused on these aspects. The most famous air pollution disaster happened in London on December 1952; it has been calculated that more than 4,000 deaths occurred during this event. Air pollution is a complex mix of gases and particles. Gaseous pollutants disseminate deeply into the alveoli, allowing its diffusion through the blood–air barrier to several organs. Meanwhile, PM is a mix of solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. PM is deposited at different levels of the respiratory tract, depending on its size: coarse particles (PM10) in upper airways and fine particles (PM2.5) can be accumulated in the lung parenchyma, inducing several respiratory diseases. Additionally to size, the composition of PM has been associated with different toxicological outcomes on clinical and epidemiological, as well as in vivo and in vitro animal and human studies. PM can be constituted by organic, inorganic, and biological compounds. All these compounds are capable of modifying several biological activities, including alterations in cytokine production, coagulation factors balance, pulmonary function, respiratory symptoms, and cardiac function. It can also generate different modifications during its passage through the airways, like inflammatory cells recruitment, with the release of cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These inflammatory mediators can activate different pathways, such as MAP kinases, NF-κB, and Stat-1, or induce DNA adducts. All these alterations can mediate obstructive or restrictive respiratory diseases like asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, and even cancer. In 2013, outdoor air pollution was classified as Group 1 by IARC based on all research studies data about air pollution effects. Therefore, it is important to understand how PM composition can generate several pulmonary pathologies.