Depicting " the system " : How structural racism and disenfranchisement in the United States can cause dynamics in community violence among males in urban black communities
Depicting " the system " : How structural racism and disenfranchisement in the United States can cause dynamics in community violence among males in urban black communities
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113469
复制
发表时间：
2021-02-15
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Lich, Kristen Hassmiller
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Burrell, Marcus;White, Ann Marie;Lich, Kristen Hassmiller
背景：一个复杂的系统的因素相互作用的时间塑造社区暴力。人们还不太了解个人、机构和社区的特征如何作为一个“系统”相互作用，产生不断升级的社区暴力。我们的目的是整合年轻的非洲裔美国城市男性的理论和经验知识，开发一个概念模型的关键因果结构驱动动态的社区暴力升级随着时间的推移，在历史种族主义的背景下。研究方法：我们分析了三个已发表的来源（两部纪录片和一个民族志），其中包含了美国三个城市的非裔美国男性社区暴力升级的生活经验观点，这些城市由于结构性种族主义而经历了内乱。定性描述性分析确定了三个主要专题类别的特点：种族化的政策和做法，经济和社会权利被剥夺，以及内心因素。我们使用因果循环建模，一个系统动力学方法，旨在描绘动态假设的系统结构，随着时间的推移产生观察到的趋势，以表示确定的个人和社区变量之间的动态关系。结果如下：该概念模型包含能够导致暴力指数增长的关键反馈结构，提供了关于暴力如何在社区内引发更多暴力（“暴力升级”）的详细动态假设。这些动态被称为强化反馈循环，涉及制定“要么被杀，要么被杀”的规范，种族压迫政策引发的内乱，将街头守则内化以寻求向外展示权力，以及使人“陷入困境”或无法摆脱暴力体系的过程。结论：定性系统动力学方法提供了一种方法来揭示和假设复杂的，动态的变量之间的关系塑造暴力升级的趋势。由此产生的因果循环图假设的动态机制，能够创造和延续社区暴力升级的种族差异，可以在未来的研究中进行测试，为打破观察到的社区暴力循环的行动提供信息。关键词：美国，社区暴力，系统动力学，因果循环图，非裔美国人，内乱，结构性种族主义
Background: A complex system of factors interacting across time shapes community violence. It is not well understood how features of persons, institutions and communities interact as a "system" to produce escalating community violence. We aimed to integrate theoretical and experiential knowledge among young AfricanAmerican urban males to develop a concept model of key causal structures driving dynamics of community violence escalation over time in a context of historical racism. Methods: We analyzed three published sources (two documentary films and one ethnography) containing lived experience perspectives on community violence escalation among African American males in three U.S. cities experiencing civil unrest due to structural racism. Qualitative descriptive analysis identified features in three key thematic categories: racialized policies and practices, economic and social disenfranchisement, and intrapsychic factors. We used causal loop diagramming, a system dynamics method designed for depicting dynamic hypotheses about the system structure producing observed trends over time, to represent the dynamic relationships among identified individual and community variables. Results: The concept model contained key feedback structures capable of generating exponential growth in violence providing detailed dynamic hypotheses about how violence can beget more violence ("violence escalation") within a community. Referred to as reinforcing feedback loops, these dynamics involved development of kill-or-be-killed norms, civil unrest emerging from racially oppressive policies, internalizing the code of the streets to seek outward displays of power, and processes that get one "stuck" or not able to break out of the system of violence. Conclusions: Qualitative system dynamics methods offered an approach to uncover and hypothesize the complex, dynamic relationships between variables shaping violence escalation trends. The resulting causal loop diagram hypothesized dynamic mechanisms capable of creating and perpetuating racial disparities in community violence escalation, that can be tested in future research to inform action to break observed cycles of community violence. Keywords: United States, community violence, system dynamics, causal loop diagram, African American, civil unrest, structural racism