Sanctuary Cities
Sanctuary Cities
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庇护城市
DOI：
10.1093/oso/9780190937027.001.0001
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
0.6
通讯作者：
Benjamin Gonzalez O’Brien
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Benjamin Gonzalez O’Brien
庇护政策最初出现于20世纪80年代，是对里根政府拒绝危地马拉和萨尔瓦多难民庇护申请的回应。为了应对日益严重的难民危机，以及担心许多被拒绝庇护的人在原籍国面临迫害和死亡，教堂和犹太教堂开始根据古老的宗教传统为来自这些国家的难民提供"庇护所"。1983年开始，圣所运动（Sanctuary Movement）导致许多城市团结一致通过了城市决议，标志着圣所城市的诞生。这些政策禁止地方官员调查居民的移民身份，并经常批评里根政府的难民政策。今天，庇护政策的范围已经扩大，他们可能不仅禁止地方官员收集有关移民身份的信息，而且还包括拒绝移民和海关执法局（ICE）的移民歧视者的荣誉，这些移民歧视者由ICE发布，要求地方当局拘留移民，直到他们可以被联邦拘留驱逐出境程序。美国的大多数庇护政策是在三个时期通过的。第一次是1983年至1989年，通过了应对中美洲难民危机的政策。9·11袭击事件和随后的移民镇压以及安全社区等政策的通过将导致2001年至2012年期间通过更多政策。最后，唐纳德·特朗普的总统任期导致了更多基于政府打击无证移民的声明。与此同时，反庇护运动首次在联邦和州一级出现，试图阻止进一步的声明或对庇护政策进行惩罚。其中一个例子是德克萨斯州的SB 4，该法案于2017年在全州范围内禁止这些政策，并允许对不遵守联邦移民政策的官员进行罚款和免职。特朗普政府本身试图拒绝向庇护司法管辖区提供联邦拨款，这是弗雷德·汤普森等共和党总统候选人过去提出的，但以前的政府从未尝试过。特朗普政府关于庇护政策的言论，以及媒体对2015年无证移民在旧金山弗朗西斯科意外枪击凯瑟琳斯坦勒的报道，导致对这一话题的报道比历史上任何其他时候都多。这反过来又导致了增加的奖学金，这继续，因为研究人员希望将避难所运动连接到现代避难所城市;检查这些政策的媒体框架的影响;分析公众支持或反对的原因;探索避难所和反避难所立法的合法性;并记录这些政策对移民社区的融合和庇护城市的犯罪率的影响。
Sanctuary policies first emerged in the 1980s as a response to the Reagan administration’s denial of asylum claims for refugees from Guatemala and El Salvador. In response to a growing refugee crisis, and the fear that many of those who were being denied asylum faced persecution and death in their country of origin, churches and synagogues began offering “sanctuary” to refugees from these countries, based on ancient religious tradition. The Sanctuary Movement, as it came to be known, led a number of cities to adopt city resolutions in solidarity beginning in 1983, marking the birth of the sanctuary city. These policies forbade local officials from inquiring into the immigration status of residents and often criticized the Reagan administration’s refugee policies. Today, the scope of sanctuary policies has expanded, and they may not only bar local officials from collecting information on immigration status, but also include a refusal to honor immigration detainers from Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), which are issued by ICE to request that local authorities hold immigrants until they can be taken into federal custody for deportation proceedings. Most sanctuary policies in the United States were passed during three periods. The first ran from 1983 to 1989, with the policies passed in response to the Central American refugee crisis. The September 11 attacks and the subsequent immigration crackdown and passage of policies like Secure Communities would lead to more policies being passed between 2001 and 2012. Lastly, the presidency of Donald Trump led to more declarations based on the administration’s crackdown on undocumented immigration. At the same time, an anti-sanctuary movement materialized for the first time at both the federal and state level that sought to either prevent further declarations or to attach penalties to sanctuary policies. One example is Texas’s SB 4, which in 2017 introduced state-wide bans on these policies and allows for fines and removal from office for officials who do not comply with federal immigration policy. The Trump administration itself sought to deny federal grants to sanctuary jurisdictions, something that had been floated in the past by Republican presidential candidates like Fred Thompson but had never been attempted by previous administrations. The rhetoric of the Trump administration on sanctuary policies, as well as the media coverage of the 2015 accidental shooting of Kathryn Steinle in San Francisco by an undocumented immigrant led to more coverage of the topic than at any other point in history. This in turn led to increased scholarship, which continues, as researchers look to connect the Sanctuary Movement to modern sanctuary cities; to examine the effects of media framing of these policies; to analyze the causes of public support or opposition; to explore the legality of sanctuary and anti-sanctuary legislation; and to document the effects these policies have on the incorporation of immigrant communities and crime rates in sanctuary cities.