The Ecology of Plant Secondary Metabolites: Temporal changes in plant secondary metabolite production
The Ecology of Plant Secondary Metabolites: Temporal changes in plant secondary metabolite production
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植物次生代谢物的生态学：植物次生代谢物产生的时间变化
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发表时间：
2012
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通讯作者：
K. Barton
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作者：
J. Koricheva;K. Barton
植物次生代谢物（psm）的总浓度和组成不仅在不同植物物种之间或同一物种内的不同植物个体之间，而且在同一植物个体内，随着时间的推移都可能发生很大的变化。我们将植物的时间变化区分为两种类型：个体发生变化和季节变化。个体发育指的是植物一生中发生的遗传程序性发育变化；术语“成熟”和“相变”有时也用于描述相同的过程（Kozlowski, 1971; Poethig, 1990）。一般认为植物的个体发育阶段包括幼苗、幼树（树苗）和成熟植物。每个阶段都具有独特的解剖、形态和生化特征（例如，依赖幼苗中的种子储备，成熟植物开花和结籽的能力）。由于植物是由许多半自治单元（如枝和叶）组成的模块化生物，除了在整个植物水平上的个体发生变化外，每个植物模块/器官在其发育和成熟过程中也会经历个体发生变化。例如，在茎的特定生长阶段形成的叶片保留了该阶段的形态和生理特征，导致茎轴结构的特征发生变化；这种现象被称为异胚性（Poethig, 1990; O 'Reilly-Wapstra等）。（第二章）。虽然这些模块内的个体发生变化与整个植物的个体发生变化一样是遗传编程的，但它们不一定与后者同步，因为新的模块在植物的整个生命周期中不断产生。因此，像树木这样的长寿植物可能代表了不同个体发育阶段（有时被称为“发育流”）的植物组织的复杂马赛克或梯度（Kearsley & Whitham, 1998）。除了个体发生的变化外，在季节性环境中，植物模块还会经历一系列的生理变化，这些变化是由温度变化、光周期（光周期）、水和营养物质的可用性变化引起的。我们把这些变化称为季节变化。在一年生和短生草本植物中，季节变化和个体发生变化是混淆的，但在像树木这样的长寿木本植物中，它们可以区分开来，因为幼年和成熟的个体发生阶段持续许多季节，而植物内部的个体发生变化，如叶片膨胀，通常发生在季节中相对较短的时间间隔内（例如，温带生态系统春季的几周）。个体发生和季节变化都可能影响植物PSM的产生。
Introduction Both overall concentrations and composition of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) may vary strongly not only among different plant species or different plant individuals within a species, but also within a single individual plant over time. We distinguish two types of temporal changes in plants: ontogenetic and seasonal . Ontogeny refers to genetically programmed developmental changes that take place during a plant’s life; the terms ‘maturation’ and ‘phase change’ are also sometimes used to describe the same process (Kozlowski, 1971; Poethig, 1990). Commonly recognised ontogenetic stages in plants include seedlings, juvenile plants (saplings) and mature plants. Each stage is characterised by distinctive anatomical, morphological and biochemical features (e.g. dependence on seed reserves in seedlings, and ability to flower and set seeds in mature plants). Since plants are modular organisms composed of numerous semi-autonomous units (e.g. branches and leaves), in addition to ontogenetic changes at the whole-plant level, each plant module/organ also experiences ontogenetic changes as it develops and matures. For instance, leaves formed during a specific phase of shoot growth retain morphological and physiological features characteristic of that phase, resulting in variation in the character of structures along the axis of the shoot; this phenomenon is known as heteroblasty (Poethig, 1990; O’Reilly-Wapstra et al ., Chapter 2). While these within-module ontogenetic changes are genetically programmed just as whole-plant ontogenetic changes are, they are not necessarily synchronised with the latter because new modules are produced continuously through the plant’s lifetime. As a result, long-lived plants like trees may represent a complex mosaic or a gradient of plant tissues at different ontogenetic phases of development (sometimes referred to as a ‘developmental stream’) (Kearsley & Whitham, 1998). In addition to ontogenetic changes, in seasonal environments, plant modules experience a series of physiological changes over the season caused by changes in temperature and the availability of light (photoperiod), water and nutrients. We refer to these changes as seasonal changes. In annual and short-lived herbaceous plants, seasonal and ontogenetic changes are confounded, but in long-lived woody plants like trees they can be distinguished because both juvenile and mature ontogenetic stages last many seasons, and within-plant ontogenetic changes such as leaf expansion usually occur within a relatively short time interval during the season (e.g. a few weeks in spring in temperate ecosystems). Both ontogenetic and seasonal changes may affect PSM production in plants.