Genetically Modified Herbicide-Tolerant Crops, Weeds, and Herbicides: Overview and Impact
Genetically Modified Herbicide-Tolerant Crops, Weeds, and Herbicides: Overview and Impact
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DOI：
10.1007/s00267-015-0589-7
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Bonny, Sylvie
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bonny, Sylvie
转基因作物一直是并将继续是一个有争议的问题，尽管它们在获得批准的地方迅速被农民采用。在过去的二十年里，一个重要的辩论问题是它们对农药使用的影响，特别是对耐除草剂（HT）作物的影响。一些人声称这些作物减少了除草剂的使用，而另一些人则声称相反。事实上，自1996年以来，大多数种植的转基因生物都是转基因耐除草剂作物，涉及使用相关的除草剂，通常是草甘膦。在采用耐除草剂作物的最初几年，耐除草剂作物往往会导致除草剂使用量的一定程度减少。然而，在同一块土地上重复使用草甘膦耐受作物和只施用草甘膦，没有充分的交替和除草剂多样性，导致了草甘膦抗性杂草的出现。这些杂草导致草甘膦和其他除草剂的使用增加。本文探讨了这种情况和抗除草剂杂草的影响，使用跨学科的方法和最新的数据。本文分析了转基因耐除草剂作物在世界范围内的传播及其对美国除草剂使用的影响。然后，它解决了抗草甘膦杂草的全球发展及其影响，特别是侧重于美国。最后，最后一节探讨了工业、农民和杂草科学家如何应对耐药性杂草的传播。结论性意见更广泛地论述了转基因作物的趋势。
Genetically modified (GM) crops have been and continue to be a subject of controversy despite their rapid adoption by farmers where approved. For the last two decades, an important matter of debate has been their impact on pesticide use, particularly for herbicide-tolerant (HT) crops. Some claim that these crops bring about a decrease in herbicide use, while others claim the opposite. In fact, since 1996, most cultivated GMOs have been GMHT crops, which involve the use of an associated herbicide, generally glyphosate. In their very first years of adoption, HT crops often led to some decrease in herbicide use. However, the repetition of glyphosate-tolerant crops and of glyphosate only applications in the same fields without sufficient alternation and herbicide diversity has contributed to the appearance of glyphosate-resistant weeds. These weeds have resulted in a rise in the use of glyphosate and other herbicides. This article explores this situation and the impacts of herbicide-resistant weeds, using an interdisciplinary approach and drawing on recent data. The paper analyzes the spread of GMHT crops worldwide and their consequences on herbicide use in the USA in particular. It then addresses the global development of glyphosate-resistant weeds and their impact, particularly focusing on the USA. Finally, the last section explores how industry, farmers, and weed scientists are coping with the spread of resistant weeds. The concluding comments deal more widely with trends in GM crops.