Varroa destructor mite infestations in capped brood cells of honeybee workers affect emergence development and adult foraging ability.
Varroa destructor mite infestations in capped brood cells of honeybee workers affect emergence development and adult foraging ability.
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蜜蜂工蜂有盖巢细胞中的瓦螨侵染影响羽化发育和成虫觅食能力
DOI：
10.1093/cz/zoab002
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发表时间：
2021-10
期刊：
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Wu X
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yang H;Shi J;Liao C;Yan W;Wu X
由于受管理的意大利蜜蜂（Apis mellifera honeybees）是世界上最常管理的蜜蜂物种，其数量最近大幅下降（Garibaldi等人，2013年），因此损失涉及的许多健康威胁受到了极大关注。迄今为止，狄斯瓦螨的侵扰已成为商业养蜂业的最大挑战，被认为是卡在养蜂人喉咙里的一根刺。瓦螨通过吸收未成熟和成熟蜜蜂的脂肪体和血淋巴威胁蜜蜂健康（Ramsey等人，2019）。在工蜂发育过程中，瓦螨的侵害会降低初生体重，影响新生工蜂血淋巴中的水分和蛋白质水平，降低雄蜂的飞行能力，改变蜜蜂免疫系统相关基因的表达模式，导致蜂群损失（Duay等人，2002; Bowen-Walker和古恩，2010; Zhang等人，2010; Annoscia等人，2012; Dooremalen等人，2013; Locke，2016）。瓦螨作为蜜蜂的体外寄生虫，喜欢生活在密封的育雏室中（Bogdanov 2006）。因此，蜜蜂在蛹期更有可能成为螨的宿主。在这项研究中，我们系统地调查了目前的影响V. destructor侵扰的发展，从帽幼虫出现蜜蜂。假设蜜蜂蛹期的瓦螨属侵染将对成年蜜蜂产生进一步影响，即使它们在以后的生活中成功摆脱了瓦螨，但在了解瓦螨属侵染对成年蜜蜂整个生命周期的生存和觅食性能的潜在影响方面仍存在数据缺口。射频识别（RFID）技术可能有利于记录蜜蜂的生命周期（Shi等人，2020）。在这里，V. destructor螨感染对寿命的影响，觅食开始时的年龄，觅食飞行的次数，和没有变形翅膀的工蜂的归巢率使用RFID系统进行了检查。详细方法见补充资料。在本研究中选择两个螨存款在一个加盖的细胞作为治疗组。为了了解瓦螨侵染对工蜂发育的影响，我们首先对对照组和处理组的蜜蜂的出生体重和羽化率进行了计数。结果表明，治疗组新生儿出生体重仅为111.96 ± 17.19mg（平均6个标准差），平均低于对照组19.40 mg（Mann-Whitney U检验，W= 566.5，P< 0.001;图1A），表明瓦螨属侵染可抑制蜜蜂的生长，这可能是由于螨类对工蜂幼虫的长期营养利用，Bowen-Walker和古恩（2010）报告了类似的结果。与对照组相比，治疗组的平均羽化率也降低了5.83%，尽管两组之间没有统计学显著性（Mann-Whitney U检验，W= 9，P= 0.136;图1B），表明瓦螨属侵染可能降低蛹的存活率。本研究中，治疗组翅长比对照组平均缩短至14.78 lm（Mann-Whitney U检验，W= 186，P< 0.001）;试验组的蜂胸也比对照组显著降低，平均降低21.60%（Welch校正的非配对t检验，t= 7.023，P< 0.001），可能直接影响工蜂的飞行能力。VC The Author（s）（2021）由牛津大学出版社代表《当代动物学》编辑部出版。569
Given recent higher declines in managed Apis mellifera honeybees, which are the most commonly managed bee species around the world (Garibaldi et al. 2013), numerous health threats involved in the losses have been received great attention. To date, Varroa destructor mite infestation has become the biggest challenge in commercial beekeeping, which is considered as a thorn stuck in the throat of beekeepers. The Varroa mite threatens bee health by absorbing the fat body and hemolymph of immature and mature bees (Ramsey et al. 2019). Varroa mite infestation during the development of worker bees was found to reduce birth weight, influence water content and protein level in hemolymph of newly emerged worker bees, decrease flight performance of drones, change gene expression patterns related to immune system of honeybees, and result in honeybee colony losses (Duay et al. 2002; Bowen-Walker and Gunn 2010; Zhang et al. 2010; Annoscia et al. 2012; Dooremalen et al. 2013; Locke 2016). The Varroa mite, as an ectoparasite of the honeybee, prefers living in the sealed brood cells (Bogdanov 2006). Thus, bees are more likely to become hosts of mites in the pupal stage. In this study, we systematically investigated the current impacts of V. destructor infestations on the development from capped larvae to emerged bees. It is hypothesized that Varroa infestations in the pupal stage of honeybees will exert further influences on adult bees even if they successfully get rid of the Varroa mite later in life, and there is still data gap for understanding the potential effects of Varroa infestations on survival and foraging performance of adult bees throughout their life cycle. The radio frequency identification (RFID) technology could be favorable for documenting the life cycle of honeybees (Shi et al. 2020). Here, effects of V. destructor mite infestation on lifespan, age at onset of foraging, the number of foraging flights, and homing rates of worker bees without deformed wings were examined using RFID system. Detail methods are described in Supplementary Materials. Two mites were selected to deposit in one capped cell in this study as the treatment group. To understand the effects of Varroa mite infestation on the development of worker bees, we first counted the birth weight and emergence rates of bees from the control group and Varroa mite from the treatment group. Results showed that the birth weight of treatment group was only 111.96 6 17.19 mg (mean 6 standard deviation), which was 19.40 mg on averagely lower than the control group (Mann–Whitney U-test, W= 566.5, P< 0.001; Figure 1A), suggesting that Varroa infestation could suppress the growth of bees, which may be due to the long-term nutritional utilization of worker larvae by mites, similar results were reported by Bowen-Walker and Gunn (2010). Mean emergence rates of treatment group also decreased by 5.83% compared with control group, although there was no statistical significance between 2 groups (Mann–Whitney U-test, W= 9, P= 0.136; Figure 1B), indicating that Varroa infestation may reduce the survival of pupae. In this study, length of wings in the treatment group decreased to 14.78 lm on averagely than that in the control group (Mann–Whitney U-test, W= 186, P< 0.001); the thorax of bees in treatment group also significantly reduced than that in the control group, which on averagely decreased by 21.60%(Unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction, t= 7.023, P< 0.001), which may directly influence the flying ability of worker bees. As for the length ofVC The Author (s)(2021). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Editorial Office, Current Zoology. 569
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影响因子：
56.9
作者：
Garibaldi, Lucas A.;Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf;Klein, Alexandra M.
通讯作者：
Klein, Alexandra M.
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
Annoscia, Desiderato;Del Piccolo, Fabio;Nazzi, Francesco
通讯作者：
Nazzi, Francesco
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1818371116
发表时间：
2019-01-29
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Ramsey, Samuel D.;Ochoa, Ronald;vanEngelsdorp, Dennis
通讯作者：
vanEngelsdorp, Dennis
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
van Dooremalen, C.;Stam, E.;Blacquiere, T.
通讯作者：
Blacquiere, T.
亚致死剂量的啶虫脒会对蜜蜂 (Apis mellifera L.) 工蜂的寿命和觅食行为产生负面影响
影响因子：
9.8
作者：
Shi, Jingliang;Yang, Heyan;Wu, Xiao Bo
通讯作者：
Wu, Xiao Bo