Effects of understory fire management treatments on California Hazelnut, an ecocultural resource of the Karuk and Yurok Indians in the Pacific Northwest
Effects of understory fire management treatments on California Hazelnut, an ecocultural resource of the Karuk and Yurok Indians in the Pacific Northwest
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DOI：
10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117517
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发表时间：
2019-10-15
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Curran, Lisa M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Marks-Block, Tony;Lake, Frank K.;Curran, Lisa M.
在广泛的火灾排除政策之前，美洲印第安人使用广播林下火灾或文化燃烧来增加其生计和文化习俗所不可或缺的资源。为了恢复因数十年的火灾排除而耗尽的生态文化资源，并减少野火风险，西北加州的Karuk和Yurok部落正在领导区域合作努力，以扩大广播火灾和减少燃料的治疗，公共，私人和部落土地在其祖先的领土。通过与Karuk和Yurok部落成员和编篮者的合作，我们评估了广播火灾和三种火灾代理处理对加州榛子灌木（Corylus cornuta var.加利福尼亚州），生产高价值的生态文化资源的编织材料。穿过10公顷的花旗松和混合硬木林（海拔500米）在克拉马斯山区，我们建立了27个分层区块（16 m（2）），并且在每个区块内应用由部落成员设计和使用的三种火灾代用品处理，并具有未处理的对照。这些处理方法包括手动切割榛子茎，通过丙烷火炬直接使榛子茎起泡，点燃堆积在榛子灌木中的表面燃料以杀死茎。对12个不同的街区进行了广播射击。经过一个完整的生长季节（处理/烧伤后12-18个月），重新测量灌木。然后，我们收获这些茎（n = 604; 50灌木）治疗和比较结果与茎独立收集的两个经验丰富的Karuk/ Yurok编织者（n = 396和n = 73）从相邻的广播燃烧的网站。与未处理的灌木相比，堆烧、丙烷燃烧和撒播燃烧使编篮茎产量增加7-10倍（p < 0.001），而切割处理使产量增加4倍（p = 0.006）。与东向（p < 0.01）和>= 70%冠层覆盖（p < 0.05）的灌木相比，具有相对较多的阳光（南向，>= 51%和< 70%冠层覆盖）的灌木产生较少的质量茎。所有处理中收获的茎显示出与两个编篮者之一收集的茎长度分布相似的茎长度分布（p > 0.05）。研究结果表明，这些方法是提高编织材料产量和质量的有效手段。在加州和太平洋西北部的私人、公共和部落土地上，扩大有针对性的林下火灾森林处理的面积和频率，将大大增加这些火灾增强的生态文化资源的可用性，这些资源目前供应有限，需求量很大。
Before widespread fire exclusion policies, American Indians used broadcast understory fires or cultural burns to enhance resources integral for their livelihood and cultural practices. To restore ecocultural resources depleted from decades of fire exclusion and to reduce wildfire risks, the Karuk and the Yurok Tribes of Northwest California are leading regional collaborative efforts to expand broadcast fires and fuel reduction treatments on public, private, and Tribal lands in their ancestral territories. Through collaboration with Karuk and Yurok Tribal members and basketweavers, we evaluated the effects of broadcast fires and three fire proxy treatments on California hazelnut shrubs (Corylus cornuta var. californica) that produce highly valued ecocultural resources for basketry materials. Across a 10 ha Douglas-fir and mixed hardwood forest (500 m a.s.l.) in the Klamath mountains, we established 27 stratified blocks (16 m(2)) and within each block applied three fire proxy treatments designed and used by Tribal members with an untreated control. These treatments involved manual hazelnut stem cutting, directly blistering hazelnut stems via propane torch, and igniting surface fuels piled within hazelnut shrubs to top-kill stems. Broadcast fire was applied to 12 separate blocks. After a full growing season (12-18 months post-treatment/burn), shrubs were re-measured. We then harvested these stems (n = 604; 50 shrubs) across treatments and compared results with stems gathered independently by two experienced Karuk/ Yurok basketweavers (n = 396 and n = 73) from an adjacent broadcast burned site. Compared to the untreated shrubs, pile burning, propane torching, and broadcast burning increased basketry stem production by 7-10 fold (p < 0.001), while the cutting treatment increased production by 4-fold (p = 0.006). Shrubs with relatively greater access to sunlight (southern aspect, >= 51% and < 70% canopy cover) produced fewer quality stems when compared to shrubs with an eastern aspect (p < 0.01) and >= 70% canopy cover (p < 0.05). Harvested stems across all treatments displayed similar stem length distributions to those gathered by one of the two basketweavers (p > 0.05). Our results demonstrate that these fire-proxy methods are an effective means to increase the production and quality of basketry materials. Expanding the area and frequency of targeted understory fire-based forest treatments on private, public and Tribal lands in California and the Pacific Northwest would substantially increase the availability of these fire-enhanced ecocultural resources that are currently limited in supply and in high demand.