The Distinctive Regulation of Cyanobacterial Glutamine Synthetase.

The Distinctive Regulation of Cyanobacterial Glutamine Synthetase.
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DOI:
10.3390/life8040052
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发表时间:
2018-10-27
期刊:
Life (Basel, Switzerland)
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Klähn S
Klähn S
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Bolay P;Muro-Pastor MI;Florencio FJ;Klähn S

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谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)在细菌氮同化中具有重要作用,它催化生物可利用氮以铵的形式进入细胞代谢。典型的例子,肠杆菌的全面表征的GS受到多个水平的精细调控,其中包括控制GS丰度的基因表达调控,以及控制酶活性的反馈抑制和共价修饰。有趣的是,具有重要生态意义的蓝藻分支的GS具有与大多数原核生物根本不同的调节系统。这些包括与小蛋白的相互作用,所谓的灭活因子(IF),抑制GS与其丰度线性。除了这种基于蛋白质相互作用的GS活性调节之外,蓝细菌还使用替代元件在转录水平上控制GS和IF的合成。此外,蓝藻进化出独特的基于RNA的调控机制,如谷氨酰胺核糖开关,以紧密调节IF丰度。在这篇综述中,我们的目的是概述目前的知识蓝藻GS的独特功能,包括其活动的整体控制,感测氮的状态,转录和转录后调控,以及应变特定的差异。
Glutamine synthetase (GS) features prominently in bacterial nitrogen assimilation as it catalyzes the entry of bioavailable nitrogen in form of ammonium into cellular metabolism. The classic example, the comprehensively characterized GS of enterobacteria, is subject to exquisite regulation at multiple levels, among them gene expression regulation to control GS abundance, as well as feedback inhibition and covalent modifications to control enzyme activity. Intriguingly, the GS of the ecologically important clade of cyanobacteria features fundamentally different regulatory systems to those of most prokaryotes. These include the interaction with small proteins, the so-called inactivating factors (IFs) that inhibit GS linearly with their abundance. In addition to this protein interaction-based regulation of GS activity, cyanobacteria use alternative elements to control the synthesis of GS and IFs at the transcriptional level. Moreover, cyanobacteria evolved unique RNA-based regulatory mechanisms such as glutamine riboswitches to tightly tune IF abundance. In this review, we aim to outline the current knowledge on the distinctive features of the cyanobacterial GS encompassing the overall control of its activity, sensing the nitrogen status, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, as well as strain-specific differences.
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