Reconstruction of the energy and depth of maximum of cosmic-ray air showers from LOPES radio measurements
Reconstruction of the energy and depth of maximum of cosmic-ray air showers from LOPES radio measurements
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根据 LOPES 无线电测量重建最大宇宙射线空气簇射的能量和深度
DOI：
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发表时间：
2014
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Zensus
中科院分区：
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作者：
W. Apel;J. C. Arteaga;L. Bahren;K. Bekk;M. Bertaina;P. Biermann;J. Blumer;H. Bozdog;I. Brancus;E. Cantoni;A. Chiavassa;K. Daumiller;V. Souza;F. Pierro;P. Doll;R. Engel;H. Falcke;B. Fuchs;D. Fuhrmann;H. Gemmeke;C. Grupen;A. Haungs;D. Heck;J. Horandel;A. Horneffer;D. Huber;T. Huege;P. G. Isar;K. Kampert;D. Kang;O. Kromer;J. Kuijpers;K. Link;P. Luczak;M. Ludwig;H. Mathes;M. Melissas;C. Morello;J. Oehlschlager;N. Palmieri;T. Pierog;J. Rautenberg;H. Rebel;M. Roth;C. Ruhle;A. Săftoiu;H. Schieler;A. Schmidt;F. Schroder;O. Sima;G. Toma;G. Trinchero;A. Weindl;J. Wochele;J. Zabierowski;J. Zensus
LOPES是一种位于德国卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院(KIT)的数字无线电干涉仪，它与KASCADE-Grande相一致地测量了大范围空气簇射以MHz频率发出的无线电辐射。在这篇文章中，我们探索了一种方法(斜率法)，它利用测量的射电横向分布的斜率来重建初级宇宙线的关键属性。首先，我们在纯模拟的基础上对该方法进行了研究。其次，我们将斜率法直接应用于LOPES测量。将斜率法应用于模拟，得到了能量重建的不确定度为13%，最大簇射深度(Xmax)为50g/cm2。将它应用于洛佩斯测量，我们能够重建单个事件的能量和xmax，精度上限为20-25%的初级能量和95g/cm2的xmax，尽管洛佩斯现场存在强烈的人为噪声。
LOPES is a digital radio interferometer located at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany, which measures radio emission from extensive air showers at MHz frequencies in coincidence with KASCADE-Grande. In this article, we explore a method (slope method) which leverages the slope of the measured radio lateral distribution to reconstruct crucial attributes of primary cosmic rays. First, we present an investigation of the method on the basis of pure simulations. Second, we directly apply the slope method to LOPES measurements. Applying the slope method to simulations, we obtain uncertainties on the reconstruction of energy and depth of shower maximum (Xmax) of 13 % and 50 g/cm 2 , respectively. Applying it to LOPES measurements, we are able to reconstruct energy and Xmax of individual events with upper limits on the precision of 20-25 % for the primary energy and 95 g/cm 2 for Xmax, despite strong human-made noise at the LOPES site.