Which came first, the cytochrome c release or the mitochondrial fission?
Which came first, the cytochrome c release or the mitochondrial fission?
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.cdd.4401985
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发表时间：
2006-08-01
影响因子：
12.4
通讯作者：
Youle, R. J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Martinou, J-C;Youle, R. J.
线粒体在许多刺激物引发的细胞凋亡中起着至关重要的作用。它们通过Bcl-2家族成员整合死亡信号，并通过线粒体外膜变得可渗透而释放细胞色素c等促细胞凋亡因子来协调半胱天冬酶激活。与此同时，线粒体断裂，其内部超微结构发生改变。本文就线粒体在细胞凋亡过程中的作用及其机制进行综述。线粒体是真核细胞生命所必需的主要能量来源。根据细胞类型和代谢需求，这些细胞器可以采用各种形状，从长的，管状的和丝状的到小的和点状的。[1]它们的形态在很大程度上是由连续的裂变和聚变事件动态重塑的。负责线粒体融合和分裂的蛋白质机制在方框1中描述。当融合事件克服裂变事件时，线粒体被拉长，而当裂变事件占主导地位时，它们是点状的。在大多数细胞类型中，包括原代细胞和转化细胞，线粒体主要是细长的，密集地堆积在核周区域。然而，在原代肝细胞中，它们是点状的并且均匀地分布在细胞内。2线粒体也是许多刺激引发的细胞凋亡所必需的。当细胞发生凋亡时，线粒体的形态发生变化，导致细胞器变小、变圆且数量更多。线粒体的形态在细胞死亡过程中发生改变的观察结果并不新鲜。50多年前，早在Kerr等人对细胞凋亡进行开创性描述之前，3 Roullier 4观察到细胞死亡期间线粒体体积减少。Kerr等人没有报道这种现象。3他们可能无法详细确定
Mitochondria play a crucial role in apoptosis triggered by many stimuli. They integrate death signals through Bcl-2 family members and coordinate caspase activation through the release of apoptogenic factors, such as cytochrome c, as a result of the outer mitochondrial membrane becoming permeable. At the same time, mitochondria fragment and their internal ultrastructure is altered. Here, we attempt to summarize current views of the mechanism that leads to mitochondrial fission during apoptosis and the role that this event plays in this process.Mitochondria are essential for life of eukaryotic cells as they are the main source of energy. Depending on the cell type and the metabolic demands, these organelles can adopt various shapes from long, tubular and filamentous to small and punctiform. 1 Their morphology is dynamically remodeled for a large part by continuous events of fission and fusion. The protein machineries responsible for mitochondrial fusion and fission are described in Box 1. When fusion events overcome fission events, then mitochondria are elongated whereas they are punctiform when fission events are predominant. In most cell types, including primary and transformed cells, mitochondria are predominantly elongated and densely packed in the perinuclear region. However, in primary hepatocytes, they are punctiform and evenly distributed within the cell. 2 Mitochondria are also essential for apoptosis triggered by many stimuli. When cells undergo apoptosis, the morphology of mitochondria changes resulting in small, round and more numerous organelles. The observation that the morphology of mitochondria is altered during cell death is not new. More than 50 years ago, well before the seminal description of apoptosis by Kerr et al., 3 Roullier4 observed a reduction in mitochondrial volume during cell death. This phenomenon was not reported by Kerr et al. 3 who may not have been able to determine in detail the length of