THE ISO‐RENIN ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEMS IN EXTRARENAL TISSUE
THE ISO‐RENIN ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEMS IN EXTRARENAL TISSUE
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肾外组织中的异肾素血管紧张素系统
DOI：
10.1111/j.1440-1681.1976.tb00596.x
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发表时间：
1976
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
H. Fischer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Detlev Ganten;J. S. Hutchinson;P. Schelling;U. Ganten;H. Fischer
血管紧张素是由一种特殊的酶作用于称为血管紧张素原的蛋白质底物而产生的。在肾脏中合成并释放到血液中的酶称为肾素（E.C. 3.4.4.15）。对肾素-血管紧张素系统（RAS）的研究几乎完全集中在肾脏。血管紧张素（该系统的效应肽）对（1）血管收缩、（2）醛固酮分泌和（3）钠重吸收的三重作用是肾脏RAS在血压调节中的经典作用的基础。血管紧张素也可以由肾外来源的酶产生。这些酶将被称为组织异肾素在这篇评论中，我们将集中在肾外组织中的异肾素血管紧张素系统（iso-RAS）的主要兴趣。本文中所用术语肾素指的是肾脏产生的酶、血浆酶和临床上重要的经典RAS。当提及来源于肾外器官的肾素样酶时，将使用术语异肾素。类似地，术语iso-RAS将指肾外组织，而不是肾脏和血浆中的经典RAS（图1）。我们认为术语异肾素是合理的，因为肾外酶和肾肾素一样形成血管紧张素，但异肾素在生化上不同于肾肾素，它们是独立于肾合成的。然而，在将来，采用类似于激肽原酶系统的更系统的命名法，并将肾酶血管紧张素原酶而不是肾素称为血管紧张素原酶，可能是有利的;肾外组织中的血管紧张素形成酶则必须被命名为脑血管紧张素原酶、肾上腺血管紧张素原酶等。本文不打算对该领域现有文献进行全面综述，其可以从最近的出版物（Page和McCubbin，1968; Gross，1971 ; Ganten，1972; Ganten等1973; Skeggs等，1974年）。我们更希望提出新的方面的组织异肾素血管紧张素系统作为一个本地的细胞酶系统。已假定血管紧张素在肾脏内的局部作用（Thurau，1974）。已更广泛地研究了肾素分泌到血液中及其临床作用，
Angiotensin is produced by the action of a specific enzyme on a protein substrate called angiotensinogen. The enzyme which is synthetized in the kidney and released into the blood is called renin (E.C. 3.4.4.15). Research on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been centred almost exclusively around the kidney. The triple action of angiotensin, the effector peptide of the system, on (1) vasoconstriction, (2) aldosterone secretion and (3) sodium reabsorption, is the basis for the classical role of the kidney RAS in blood pressure regulation. Angiotensin can also be generated by enzymes of extrarenal origin. These enzymes will be called tissue iso-renins in this review and we shall focus the main interest on the iso-renin angiotensin systems (iso-RAS) in extrarenal tissue. The term renin will be used in this article with reference to enzyme arising from the kidney, to the plasma enzyme and to the clinically important classical RAS. The term iso-renin will be used when referring to a renin-like enzyme having its source in extrarenal organs. Similarly the term iso-RAS will refer to extrarenal tissues as opposed to the classical RAS in the kidney and plasma (Fig. 1). We believe that the term iso-renin can be justified, because the extrarenal enzymes form angiotensin as does kidney renin, but iso-renins differ biochemically from kidney renin and they are synthesized independently of the kidney. In the future it may be advantageous, however, to adopt a more systematic nomenclature in analogy to the kininogenase system and call the kidney enzyme angiotensinogenase instead of renin ; the angiotensin forming enzymes in extrarenal tissues would then have to be designated brain angiotensinogenase, adrenal angiotensinogenase etc. It is not intended to give a complete review of the existing literature in this field, which may be obtained from recent publications (Page & McCubbin, 1968; Gross, 1971 ; Ganten, 1972; Ganten et al. 1973; Skeggs et al., 1974). We rather wish to present new aspects of the tissue iso-renin angiotensin system as a local cellular enzymatic system. A local role of angiotensin within the kidney has been postulated (Thurau, 1974). The secretion of renin into the blood and its clinical role has been investigated more extensively,